Hypoglycemic Agents Flashcards
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Complex disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, which is caused by lack or inefficient use of insulin in the body
Who discovered the clusters of cells in the pancreas and when?
Langerhan, 1869
What are the types of diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus Type 2 diabetes mellitus Gestational Diabetes Specific types: -Latent Autoimmune diabetes of Adults (LADA) -Type 1.5, Type 3 -Pancreatic diabetes -Lipodystrophic diabetes -Polycystic Ovary Disease Syndrome -Etc.
What is Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketoic syndrome (HHNS)?
A metabolic complication of uncontrolled diabetes, similar in severity to DKA but without ketosis or acidosis
More common in Type 2 Diabetes
What is a Diabetic Coma?
A severe emergency in which a person is not conscious because the blood glucose is too low or too high
What are the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?
Increased appetite, increased thirst, frequent urination, tiredness, sleepiness, loss of appetite (as hyperglycemia progresses), inattentivenss, rapid breathing, fruity odor to the breath
What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?
Hunger, shakiness, nervousness, sweating, dizziness or light-headed ness, sleepiness, confusion, difficulty speaking, anxiety, weakness
What are the long term complications of diabetes?
Ischemic heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Nephropathy Neuropathy Peripheral vascular disease Retinopathy
What happens in Type 1 diabetes?
(Previously called juvenile onset or insulin dependent diabetes)
- Beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed or suppressed by an attack, probably triggered by an environmental event
- 5-10% of all cases
- more common in younger population, possible at any age
- Caucasians have a higher risk
What happens in Type 2 diabetes?
(Previously called adult onset or non-insulin dependent diabetes)
- Insulin resistant
- overproduction of glucose
- related to obesity and other life-style factors
- no evidence autoimmunity
- 90-95% of diabetic cases
- common after 50, can get at any age
- common in African Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanics, and Pacific Islanders
What are the risk factors for Type 1 diabetes?
Other autoimmune diseases
Early cessation of breastfeeding and/or exposure to cows milk
Ethnicity
History or childhood viruses
What are the risk factors for Type 2 diabetes?
Overweight or obesity
Heredity, ethnicity, Gestational diabetes
Hypertension, poor cholesterol profile
Inactivity, older age, diagnosed prediabetics
Why does fat increase insulin resistance?
3 reasons
- Fat cells have fewer insulin receptors then muscle cells
- Fat cells release free fatty acids, and free fatty acids interfere with glucose metabolism
- Excessive glucose that can’t be used by the cells for energy is stored as body fat, increasing the cellular mass that the pancreas has to “feed” via insulin
What are symptoms for Type 1 and how do they develop?
Develop rapidly, process of beta cell destruction can take place over a long period of time
Polydypsia, Polyphagia, Polyuria, Muscle Wasting, Weight change, Diabetic ketoacidosis
What are symptoms for Type 2 diabetes and how does it develop?
Symptoms are not so dramatic
Visual changes, poor wound healing, Neruopathy, Cardiac symptoms, Multiple UTI’s, increased susceptibility to infections, Fatigue
What is a complication of diabetes?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
What is DKA?
More common in Type 1 diabetes Severe metabolic complication of uncontrolled diabetes which, if untreated, leads to diabetic coma and death -extreme hyperglycemia -acidosis -electrolyte imbalance
What is an insulin reaction?
An excessively low blood sugar level (hypoglycemia), usually lower then 50 mg/dL
How would you get an insulin reaction?
Result from an excess of insulin via an injection or an excess of an insulin-stimulating oral hypoglycemic agent, usually in the sulfonylurea class of drugs.
Can hypoglycemia occur during sleep?
Yes, some signs include
- crying out, nightmares
- pajamas or sheets wet with perspiration
- feeling tired, irritable, or confused after waking up
Where is insulin produced?
In the pancreas, part of the digestive system and endocrine system
What are the four main types of cells found in the pancreas and what do they produce?
Alpha cells-produce glucagon-stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the live
Beta cells-produce the hormone insulin
Delta cells-produce somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone)
Describe the process of blood sugar regulation?
Insulin lowers sugar levels by promoting the movement of sugar out of the blood and into the liver where it is stored as glycogen.
Glucagon stimulates the release of sugar from the liver and into the blood.
Insulin lowers…
Sugar levels in blood
Glucagon raises…
Sugar levels in blood
