Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm > Hypoglycemic > Flashcards

Hypoglycemic Flashcards

1
Q

Insulin is produced by

A

the beta cells of the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

glucagon is produced by

A

the alpha cells of the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is glucose stored as

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is glucose stored

A

liver muscle (glycogen) and adipose tissue (triglycerides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When is insulin matured

A

when it gets cleaved from the C peptide and once its transferred from the ER to the vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is insulin secreted

A

there is an increase in blood glucose, glucose enters the B cells, glycolysis occurs which increases the amount of ATP, this causes the ATP sensitive K channel to close, which causes a build up of K in the cell and causes depolarization, this causes VG Ca channel to open and the influx of Ca releases the vesicles in which insulin is stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the net effect of insulin on the liver

A

inhibition of glucose output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

This secretagogues drug increases insulin release and sensitivity to insulin while also decreasing glucagon

A

sulfonylureas (tolbutamide and glyburide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

this secretagogues drug close K channels in islet cells which increases more insulin and is given before meal

A

Meglitinides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sulfonylureas drugs (oral)

A

tolbutamide and glyburide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

meglitinide drugs (oral)

A

repaglinide and nateglinide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what drug can you use in combination with meglinitides (repaglinide/nateglinide)

A

Metformin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Metformin

A

Biguanide (oral gent; sensitizers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does Metformin work

A

Decreases the glucose production by the liver and decreases glucose absorption in the gut; also increases insulin sensitivity in the muscle and adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Because Metformin doesn’t release insulin, what side effect doesn’t occur

A

Hypoglycemia (when used alone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of patients should you not give Metformin to

A

Renal, Liver, or heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Can Metformin decrease the body weight

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

This oral hypoglycemic drug is an agonist for nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR)

A

Thiazolidinedione (sensitizer) (Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rosiglitazone

A

Thiazolidinedione

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pioglitazone

A

Thiazolidinedione

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

This drug reduces insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and is used mono-therapy or combination with insulin or sulfonylureas

A

Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone (thiazolidinedione)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which thiazolidinedione is restricted in the US and banned in Europe (increases chance of bladder cancer)

A

Rosiglitazone

23
Q

This drug inhibits alpha-glucosidase in the gut (given with meal)

A

A-glucosidase inhibitors

24
Q

Acarbose

A

A-glucosidase inhibitor

25
Q

Voglibose

A

A-glucosidase inhibitor

26
Q

Miglitol

A

A-glucosidase inhibitors

27
Q

These drugs decrease intestinal absorption of starch, dextrin, and disaccharides (inhibit glucose absorption in the gut) and studies show it an also increase sensitivity to insulin

A

A-glucosidase (acarbose, vogliose, miglitol)

28
Q

These drugs are specifically for type II diabetes

A

Incretins and DPP-4 inhibitors

29
Q

These drugs inhibit DPP-4 and increase blood concentration of incretin GLP-1

A

DPP-4 Inhibitors

30
Q

Sitagliptin

A

DPP-4 Inhibitors

31
Q

Saxagliptin

A

DPP-4 Inhibitors

32
Q

Linagliptin

A

DPP-4 Inhibitors

33
Q

This drug is prescribed with diet and exercise; can be used alone or in combo with metformin

A

DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, saxagliptin, and linagliptin)

34
Q

How are DPP-4 inhibitors administered

A

orally

35
Q

You need an injection with this peptide analog

A

GLP- agonists (exenatide and liraglutide)

36
Q

What are the side effects of GLP agonists

A

pancreatitis, thyroid C-cell tumors, CV (heart attacks)

37
Q

This drug inhibits gastric emptying, reduces bowel movements, helps control feeding, and reduces weight

A

GLP-agonists

38
Q

This protein is responsible for 90% of glucose reabsorption in the kidney

A

Sodium-glucose transport proteins (SGLT2)

39
Q

what is the MOA of SGLT2 blockers

A

promotes elimination of glucose in the urine (blocks reabsorption) and is associated with small weight loss

40
Q

SGLT2 blockers (oral) can be used in which type of diabetes

A

Both type 1 and 2 (type 1 needs to be used in combo with insulin)

41
Q

This drug also cannot be used orally, has to be given subq before meals

A

Amylin analogues (pramlintide)

42
Q

What is the MOA of Amylin analogues (pramlintide)

A

slows gastric emptying, (increases absorption of glucose in the gut), proteins satiety and suppresses glucagon (can decrease body weight)

43
Q

What type of diabetes is amylin used for

A

Type 1 and 2

44
Q

These two drugs’ target organ is the liver and decreases insulin resistance

A

Metformin and thiazolidinediones

45
Q

These two drugs’ target organ is the pancreas and increase insulin secretion

A

Sulfonylureas and Meglitinides

46
Q

These two drugs’ target organ is the muscle and increases insulin sensitivity

A

Metformin and thiazolidinediones

47
Q

This drug’s target organ is adipose tissue and decreases insulin resistance

A

Thiazolidinediones

48
Q

This drug’s target organ is the stomach and decreases absorption of glucose in the GI system

A

alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

49
Q

Review: what drugs decrease body weight

A

Metformin and Amylin (pramilintide)

50
Q

Review: What drugs can decrease glucose absorption

A

Metformin and acarbose/voglibose/miglitol

51
Q

Review: what drugs can decrease glucose reabsorption

A

Dapagliflozin

52
Q

Review: what drugs can increase insulin sensitive in tissues and organs (increase glucose uptake)

A

Tolbutamide/Glyburide, Metformin, Rosiglitazone/Pioglitazone

53
Q

Review: what drug decrease insulin resistance

A

Metformin and Rosiglitazone/Pioglitazone

Pharm (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions