Hypoglycemia, Metabolic Syndrome, Hyperglycemia Flashcards
hormones involved in glucose homeostasis
insulin glucagon epinephrine cortisol GH
healthy glucose levels
fasting and pre-prandial levels = <110 mg/dL
post-prandial = < 140 mg/dL
insulin fxn
suppresses glucose PRODUCTION
encourages glycogen storage
promotes glucose utilization by the tissues
hormones released to counteract hypoglycemia (raises glucose levels)
glucagon
epinephrine
cortisol
growth hormone
glucagon
stimulates breakdown of hepatic glycogen and creation of glucose
epinephrine
suppresses insulin
promotes breakdown of glycogen and fat for energy
cortisone and GH
enhance glucagon’s effect and stimulates lipolysis, ketogenesis, proteolysis
symptoms of hypoglycemia
neurogenic symptoms
mediated by catecholamine
nervousness/anxiety/irritability
diaphoresis
tremor, tachycardia, pallor, hunger, palpitations, N/V
symptoms of hypoglycemia
neuroglycopenic
lack of glucose in the brain
weakness/tiredness
slow mentation/confusion
HA
Seizures
syncope, blurred vision, abnormal behavior, amnesia/coma
etiologies of hypoglycemia
drugs
severe illness (multisystem organ failure, shock, sepsis)
endocrine disorders
hyperinsulinism or non-insulin producing tumor
drugs causing hypoglycemia
- insulins
- sulfonylureas
- meglitinides
- alcohols (surpassed gluconeogenesis)
dumping syndrome
rapid discharge of carbs quickly into small intestine causing rapid fluid shift (takes all the fluid from vasculature)
1-2 hrs following meal
palpitations, tachycardia, lightheadedness, diaphoresis, orthostasis
dumping syndrome management
frequent small meals with limited amounts of simple sugars and liquids
Whipple’s triad
used to diagnose hypoglycemia
- symptoms consistent w/hypoglycemia
- hypoglycemia is present when symptoms occur
- administration of glucose leads to symptom improvement
how do you prevent hypoglycemia
small, more frequent meals (snacking)
