Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

CO X TPR =

A

MAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

SV x HR =

A

CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What 2 systems regulate blood pressure

A

Sympathetic and Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of adrenoceptors are on heart

A

B1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of adrenoceptors are on the smooth muscle

A

A1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What vascular changes can occur as a result of hypertension?

A

Remodelling, thickening, hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can local salt sensitivity cause?

A

Vascular remodelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In hypertension, there is an increase in which vasoactive substances?

A

ET-1
NAd
Ang2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hypertension can cause end organ damage such as…

A

Renal, peripheral vascular, aneurysm, vascular dementia, retinal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What figure does NICE recommend as the boundary of hypertension?

A

140/90mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What blood pressure reading indicates emergency treatment is required?

A

> 180/120 + clinical signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How would you treat prehypertension?

A 
Promote regular exercise
Modify diet
Reduce stress
Increase relaxation
Limit alcohol 
Limit caffeine
Smoking cessation
Reduce dietary sodium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are CCB’s?

A

Calcium channel blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are ARB’s?

A

Angiotensin receptor blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are ACEi?

A

ACE inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Thiazides and Thiazide like are subsets of which drug class?

A

Diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where in the body is ACE made?

A

Surface of pulmonary and renal endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Angiotensin 2 is a?

A

Vasoconstrictor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Angiotensin 2 acts on AT1 receptors to elicit what responses?

A

Vasoconstriction
Stimulation of aldosterone
Cardiac and vascular muscle cell growth
Vasopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where in the body is vasopressin (ADH) produced?

A

Posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ACEi’s cause vasodilation, how does this help treat hypertension?

A

Decrease in peripheral vascular resistance which decreases afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does a reduction in aldosterone release help treat hypertension?

A

Increase in water and Na+ excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name 2 ACEi

A

Lisinopril

Ramipril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lisinopril and Ramipril are examples of what type of drug?

A

ACEi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ACEi’s do what to bradykinin?

A

Potential it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the side effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

Hypotension
Dry cough due to bradykinin association
Hyperkalaemia - low aldosterone = increase K+
Renal failure

27
Q

Angioedema due to ACEi is more common in which population?

A

Black population

28
Q

What warnings and contraindications are associated with ACEi’s?

A

Renal artery stenosis
AKD
Pregnancy
Breast feeding

29
Q

What important interactions should you be aware of when prescribing ACEi’s?

A

Drugs that increase K+
NSAIDs
Other antihypertensives

30
Q

Candesartan and Losartan are examples of what class of antihypertensives?

A

ARBs

31
Q

Why are ARBs not associated with a dry cough and angioedema?

A

No effect on bradykinin

32
Q

ARBs are less affective in what type of hypertensive

A

Low renin hypertensive

33
Q

ARBs that directly target AT1 receptors are more effective at inhibiting what effect

A

Angiotensin2 mediated vasoconstriction via chymase production

34
Q

What are the warnings and contraindications associated with ARBs

A

Renal artery stenosis
AKD
Pregnancy
Breastfeeding

35
Q

What interactions are important to consider when prescribing ARBs?

A

Drugs that increase K+
NSAIDs
Other antihypertensives

36
Q

What 2 types of drugs target calcium movement?

A

LTCC - L-type calcium channels

CCB - calcium channel blockers

37
Q

LTCC’s allow the flux of calcium ions in which direction?

A

Inwards

38
Q

LTCCs are an example of what type of ion channel?

A

Voltage operated calcium channel

39
Q

What is the target of CCBs?

A

They target calcium initiated smooth muscle contraction

40
Q

What drug class does Amlodipine belong to?

A

Dihydropyridine

41
Q

The vasodilation caused by dihydropyridines causes what side effects?

A

Ankle swelling, flushing and headache

42
Q

What are the warnings and contraindications associated with dihydropyridines?

A

Unstable angina, severe aortic stenosis

43
Q

Why is Amlodipine + Simvastatin not adviced?

A

Increased effect of the statin

44
Q

Verapamil belongs to which drug class?

A 
Phenylalkylamines
A class 4 anti-arrhythmic agent
45
Q

When might the phenylalkylamine Verapamil be contraindicated or warned against?

A

If the patient has poor LV function or AV nodal conduction delay

46
Q

Diltiazem belongs to which drug class?

A

Benzothiazapines

47
Q

What type of drug is Bendroflumethiazide?

A

A thiazide diuretic

48
Q

How do thiazide diuretics such as bendroflumethiazide elicit their action?

A

Inhibit sodium resorption at the distal convoluted tubules

49
Q

Indapamide belongs to which drug class

A

A thiazide-like diuretic

50
Q

What are the warnings and contraindications of Bendroflumethiazide?

A

Hypokalaemia
Hyponatraemia
Gout

51
Q

What is the two pronged approach to treating primary hypertension?

A

Decrease blood pressure and dilation of the efferent glomerular arteriole to reduce intraglomerular pressure which is good for type 2 diabetes

52
Q

What is Spironolactone?

A

Aldosterone receptor antagonist

53
Q

When is Spironolactone warned against/contraindicated?

A

In hyperkalaemia and Addisons

54
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Adrenal insufficiency - so too little cortisol and aldosterone

55
Q

What interactions should be considered when prescribing Spironolactone?

A

Drugs that increase K+ including ACEi and ARBs

56
Q

How do beta-blockers reduce cardiac output?

A

Decrease sympathetic tone by blocking NAd and reducing myocardial contraction

57
Q

Renin secretion is reduced when beta blockers act on which adrenoceptors?

A

B1

58
Q

When are beta blockers warned against/contraindicated?

A

Asthma haemodynamic instability, hepatic failure

59
Q

Why is it a problem that beta blockers can mask tachycardia?

A

Tachycardia is a sign of insulin induced hypoglycaemia

60
Q

What drugs have interactions with beta blockers?

A

Non-dihydropyridine CCB: verapamil and diltiazem - asystole

61
Q

Name 2 beta blockers

A

Labetalol
Bisoprolol
Metoprolol

62
Q

Give an example of an Alpha-1 adrenoceptor?

A

Doxazosin

63
Q

What are the possible side effects of the a-adrenoceptor Doxazosin?

A

Postural hypotension
Dizziness
Headache
Fatigue

Pharmacology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions