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Cardiovascular > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood pressure measured in?

A

mm Hg

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2
Q

What is the systolic blood pressure?

A

The resistance of blood flowing in the blood vessels.

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3
Q

What is the diastolic blood pressure?

A

The pressure of blood in the vessel when the heart is relaxing

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4
Q

What is the range of normal blood pressure?

A

Between 90/60mmHg-120/80mmHg

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5
Q

What is the range of BP for people who are at risk of developing HBP?

A

Between 120/80mmHg-140/90mmHg

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6
Q

What is the range for high blood pressure?

A

140/90mmHg-150/90mmHg if over 80 years.

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7
Q

What is the definition of essential hypertension?

A

high blood pressure that has no known cause.

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8
Q

What % of case does essential hypertension account for?

A

95% of cases

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9
Q

What is a major risk factor for developing essential hypertension?

A

CVD

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10
Q

What is definition of secondary hypertension?

A

High blood pressure that is a result of a specific and potentially treatable cause

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11
Q

What accounts for 80% os secondary hypertension?

A

Renal diseases such as diabetic nephropathy, glomerular nephritis and renovascular disease.

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12
Q

What trimester is pre-eclampsia most likely to occur?

A

the 3rd trimester

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13
Q

What is the definition of isolated systolic hypertension?

A

BP with a systolic pressure >140mmHg and diastolic BP <90mmHg.

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14
Q

What age group does usually isolated systolic hypertension occur in?

A

The elderly.

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15
Q

What can isolated systolic hypertension be an indicator of?

A

Hyperthyroidism and anaemia

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16
Q

What is likely to be cause of isolated systolic hypertension?

A

devotion of calcium and remodelling of the vessel that result in arterial stiffness and reduced elasticity

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17
Q

Whats causes increased systolic BP?

A

Increased pulse pressure and increased pulse velocity.

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18
Q

What is iatrogenic hypertension?

A

High blood pressure that is a result of chemical substances/medicines.

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19
Q

What are the 5 modifiable risk factors for hypertension?

A
  1. Excess weight
  2. High salt intake
  3. Lack of physical activity
  4. High salt intake
  5. stress
20
Q

What are the 4 non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension?

A
  1. Ageing
  2. Family history
  3. ethnicity
  4. Gender
21
Q

What may patients with hypertension experience?

A

Generally symptomatic but patients may experience episodes of sweating and tachycardia

22
Q

When would you do a same day referral for a patient with hypertension?

A

Patient who has a blood pressure higher than 180/110mmHg without signs of accelerated hypertension or papillodema

23
Q

Why would you carry out a 12 lead ECG on a patient with suspected hypertension?

A

To assess cardiac function and left ventricular hypertrophy

24
Q

Why would you carry out a urine stick test on a patient suspected of hypertension?

A

To test for haematuria and renal disease.

25
Q

What is 1st line medication for hypertension in patient <55 yrs?

A

ACE inhibitor/ARB

26
Q

What do ACE inhibitors end in?

A

‘pril’

27
Q

Give 3 examples of ACE inhibitors?

A

Ramapril, enalapril, perdinopril

28
Q

What is the primary action of ACE inhibitors and what dies it cause?

A

Prevent the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 which reduces peripheral vascular resistance and therefore lowers BP

29
Q

What are 2 common side effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

Hypotension & dry cough

30
Q

Which side effect is associated with increased bradykinin production

A

dry cough

31
Q

Why arent ACE inhibitors good in pregnancy?

A

teratogenic effect

effect development of foetus/embryo

32
Q

What is the GOLD standard test for investigating hypertension?

A

ambulatory BP monitoring

33
Q

What does ambulatory BP monitoring involve?

A

recording BP over 24 hr period

34
Q

How do you assess clinical hypertension?

A

record BP twice 5 mins apart and record the lowest

35
Q

Give an example of an ARB used to manage hypertension?

A

Losartan

36
Q

Whats antihypertensive is used 1st line to manage hypertension in patients >55yrs or Afro-Caribbean decent?

A

CCB

37
Q

Give an example of a CCB used for hypertension?

A

Amlodipine

Diltiazem

38
Q

What is 2nd line hypertension management?

A

ACR/ARB + CCB

39
Q

what is added as 3rd line hypertension management?

A

ACR/ARB + CCB + Thiazide like duiretic

40
Q

What investigation can be used to asses for hypertensive retinopathy?

A

Fundoscopy

41
Q

What assessment tool can be used to asses the risk of a patient having a cardiovascular event in the next 10 yrs?

A

QRISK3

42
Q

What is the target BP for a patient <80 yrs old?

A

<140/90

43
Q

What is the target BP for a patient >80yrs old?

A

<150/90

44
Q

what is a common side effect experienced by patients on ACE inhibitors

A

dry cough

45
Q

what is the pathophysiology behind a dry cough experienced in patients taking ACEi

A

increased bradykinin which causes bronchoconstriction

Cardiovascular (8 decks)

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