Hypertension

Question 1

White coat hypertension

Answer 1

Where a person has a higher blood pressure when being tested than they normally do

Question 2

Masked hypertension

Answer 2

During blood pressure reading read normally, but when not being read does not show up

Question 3

Benign hypertension

Answer 3

Stable, mild-moderate increase in BP, not a rapid increase in BP, not immediately life threatening but still causes injury to blood vessels

Question 4

Malignant hypertension

Answer 4

Accelerated, very high BP, life threatening in the short term

Question 5

Aetiology of hypertension

Answer 5

Primary- idiopathic, essential, 90-95%.
Eg. Increased ageing, reduced renal function, reduced sodium excretion, causing fluid retention and increased cardiac output, increased BP.

Secondary- caused by an underlying disorder, eg renal disease
Renal artery stenosis (restriction)- decrease in renal blood flow- decrease in renal filtration- decrease in renal blood flow- kidney releases renin which converts angiotensinogen into AG 1 which is then converted to AG2 and causes vasoconstriction of arterioles, increases peripheral resistance, increase in arterial blood pressure.

An increase in stroke
Volume or in peripheral resistance can lead to hypertension.
BP= HR X SV X PR

Question 6

Arteriolosclerosis

Answer 6

Increased cardiac output leads to Vaso-autoregulagion. Over time, widespread ateriosclerosis can cause hypertension

Question 7

Hypertension

Answer 7

A persistent increase in blood pressure
Many types:
- pulmonary hypertension
- hepatic portal hypertension (near liver)
- systemic arterial hypertension- high bp on large arteries of systemic circulation. Usually measure in the brachial artery

Question 8

Secondary hypertension: renal hypertension

Answer 8

Decrease in renal blood flow
Kidney releases renin
Renin coverts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
Angiotensin 1 converted into angiotensin 2 in lung capillaries by ACE
Angiotensin 2 causes widespread vasoconstriction of arteriole- increase in peripheral resistance and increase in arterial blood pressure - increase in release on aldosterone
This causes renal sodium retention and thus renal water retention
Thus increased stroke volume and increased blood pressure

Question 9

Complications

Answer 9

• Arteriolosclerosis
• left ventricular Hypertrophy
• formation of bursting aneurysms
• atherosclerosis
• Ischaemia
• oedema