Hypertension Flashcards
Hypertension is accompanied by…
high LDL, low HDL, obesity, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, sleep apnea, family history
it can result from increased cardiac output and increased peripheral resistance
prolonged blood pressure gradually does what
damages blood vessels, particularly in target organs like heart, kidneys, brain and eyes.
As the heart works harder to pump blood against elevated pressure what might occur?
hypertrophy of the left ventricle
primary hypertension is also called
essential hypertension
it is defined as…?? high blood pressure from an unidentified cause
secondary hypertension is
when the result of high blood pressure CAN be identified.
Causes are..? narrowing of renal arteries, certain medications like prednisone, parenchymal disease
clinical manifestations of hypertension
there may be retinal changes like hemorrhages, ateriolar narrowing, cotton wool spots (tissue death due to oxygen), papilledema, renal damage, elevated BUN and creatinine.
consequences of hypertension
MI, and CAD with angina
hypertensive emergency
blood pressure of 180/120, acute and life threatening, damages target organs.
what is the goal of therapy for hypertensive emergencies?
reduce the blood pressure by 20-35% within the first hour.
Reduce the blood pressure to 160/100 over a period of 6 hours.
Reducing blood pressure too fast can cause ORGAN HYPOPERFUSION!
what is considered a hypertensive urgency
situation in which blood pressure is very high but it does not affect target organs. it is associated with headaches, nosebleeds, and anxiety. Oral agents can be administered with the goal of normalizing BP in 24/48 hours.
risk factors for hypertension
smoking, drinking, diabetes, impaired renal function, obesity, physical inactivity, family history
DASH diet
consume diet rich in fruits, veggies, low fat dairy products and reduce saturated and total fats as well as sodium
lifestyle modifications for hypertension
Weight reduction: normal BMI of 18.5 to 25
reduce sodium: use spices instead. intake of salt should be
patient education for hypertension
- ) it would be important to consult a dietitian
- ) it takes 2 to 3 mo. for taste buds to adapt to changes in salt intake
- ) limit alcohol consumption and tobacco should be avoided
- ) emphasize control rather than cure
- ) take meds same time everyday, do not skip doses
What is rebound hypertension?
occurs if antihypertensive meds are suddenly stopped such as when traveling.
hypertension can be a sign for
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
changes that contribute to increases in blood pressure that occur with aging
decrease in elasticity of vessels, accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque, fragmentation of arterial elastins, increased collagen deposits, impaired vasodilation, renal dysfunction.
what is elevated systolic pressure without a change in diastolic pressure/?
isolated systolic hypertension
occurs in older adults when the aorta and large arteries are less able to accommodate the blood volume being pumped out of the heart, and the energy that would have stretched the vessels instead elevates the systolic pressure.
what are some routine lab tests for diagnosing hypertension
urinalysis, blood chemistry (creatinine, sodium, potassium, fasting glucose and total HDL cholesterol levels) 12 lead ECG to find left ventricular hypertrophy and examining the retinas
JNC7 specified a lower goal pressure of what for people who have diabetes or kidney disease?
130/80
recommended initial medications for hypertension
beta blockers and diuretics
when taking blood pressure, using a cuff that is too small can result in
a blood pressure reading that is falsely high
what time frame should you take blood pressure in a patient who’s blood pressure is changing rapidly
every 5 minutes
every 15-30 min for a patient who is more stable
