Hypertension

Question 1

Pathological Stages of Hypertension

Answer 1

Normal BP: <120/<80 mmHg
Elevated BP: 120-129/<80 mmHg
Stage 1 Hypertension: 130-139/80-89 mmHg
Stage 2 Hypertension: ≥140/≥90 mmHg
Hypertensive Crisis: ≥180/≥120 mmHg (immediate medical attention)

Question 2

Presentation of Hypertension (Often Silent)

Answer 2

Mild: Asymptomatic
Severe:
Headache (especially morning)
Dizziness or blurred vision
Chest pain or palpitations
Nosebleeds (in extreme cases)

Question 3

Causes of Hypertension - Primary

Answer 3

Primary (Essential, 90-95% cases):
Genetics
Age (>60 years)
High sodium diet
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Smoking, alcohol

Question 4

Causes of Hypertension - Secondary

Answer 4

Secondary (Underlying Condition):
Kidney disease
Adrenal tumors (pheochromocytoma)
Endocrine disorders (Cushing’s, hyperthyroidism)
Medication-induced (steroids, NSAIDs)

Question 5

Red flags for hypertension

Answer 5

Sudden onset in young patients (<30 years)
BP >180/120 mmHg with organ damage signs:
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Vision loss
Confusion or neurological deficit
Severe headache