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326 Acute & Chronic Exam 3 > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The amount of pressure placed on the arterial muscle walls to propel blood through the body.

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2
Q

What are the two types of hypertension?

A
  • Essential/Primary – no known cause but risk factors are considered
  • Secondary – diseases and/or medications that cause hypertension
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3
Q

What is normal BP?

A

systolic < 120 and diastolic < 80

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4
Q

What is hypertensive crisis BP?

A

systolic > 180 and diastolic > 120
(consult your doctor immediately)

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5
Q

Where can hypertension headaches be located?

A
  • Diffuse (holocephalic)
  • Sides of the head
  • Back of the head (occiput)
  • Behind the eye(s)
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6
Q

What can patients feel when experiencing hypertension headaches?

A
  • Pressure
  • Pulsation
  • Nausea
  • Dizziness
  • Blurred vision
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7
Q

What are some nonspecific symptoms a patient can have when initially diagnosed with HTN?

A
  • headaches
  • dizziness
  • fainting
  • nose bleeds
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8
Q

What are some manifestations on vasculature present in patients experiencing long-term complications of HTN?

A
  • HTN will affect ALL arteries
  • affects macrovasculature (heart) and microvasculature
  • can impact microvasculature supply blood to the brain, eyes, kidneys
    • brain = stroke
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9
Q

What diagnostic tests can be ordered to determine if a patient is experiencing long-term complications of HTN?

A
  • There are no lab tests that can definitively diagnose hypertension.
  • Some lab tests can be indicative of secondary hypertension.
    • Hematuria, proteinuria, elevated BUN and creatinine indicate renal disease.
    • Chest x-ray may indicate cardiomegaly (heart gets bigger b/c it has to work harder)
    • Left atrial and left ventricular enlargement can be detected via x-ray and ECG.
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10
Q

How much sodium should patients with HTN have per day?

A
  • Less than 2300 mg per day (avoid/limit salt intake)
  • TEACH patients how to read food labels
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11
Q

What are some weight reduction interventions for patients with HTN?

A
  • Weight loss encouraged if BMI is elevated
    • Total fat: 20%-35% of daily caloric intake.
    • Saturated fat: less than 10%
    • Cholesterol: less that 300 mg/d
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12
Q

What are some alcohol intake interventions? What is considered a drink?

A
  • Limit alcohol intake to no more than 1-2 drinks daily.
    • 1.5 ounces of liquor (spirits)
    • 5 ounces of wine
    • 12 ounces of beer
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13
Q

What are some physical activity interventions?

A
  • Emphasize starting slowly and gradually
    • 30-45 minutes (3-5 x/week)
    • Work up to more vigorous
    • Report shortness of breath, fainting, or chest pain
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14
Q

What are some medications used to treat HTN?

A
  • Diuretics
  • Thiazides
  • ACE-Inhibitors
  • ARBs
  • Calcium Channel Blockers
  • Beta Blockers
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15
Q

What is Orthostatic Hypotension?

A

Orthostatic hypotension is a decrease in blood pressure (20 mm Hg systolic and/or 10 mm Hg diastolic) when the client changes position.

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16
Q

How do you take orthostatic blood pressure?

A

Take blood pressure with the client in the supine (lying) or sitting position, wait at least 2 minutes later and take reading with the client standing.

17
Q

Why does hypertension lead to so many complications?

A

High blood pressure can constrict and narrow the blood vessels, which eventually damages and weakens them throughout the body, leading to decreased tissue perfusion.

18
Q

What are some long-term complications of HTN on the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Coronary disease
  • Cerebral disease
  • Peripheral vascular disease
  • CAD
    • Angina
    • Myocardial Infarct/Heart Attack
19
Q

What are some long-term complications of HTN on the nervous and urinary system?

A
  • Cerebrovascular Accidents/Stroke
  • Transient Ischemic Attacks/”Little strokes”
  • Retinal Changes – Vision Problems
  • Kidney Changes – Chronic Kidney Disease
20
Q

What vision changes can HTN cause?

A
  • Cotton Wool Spots – indicate ischemia
    • A block in the artery that brings blood to the retina may cause the ischemia.
    • Cotton wool spots are made up of swollen debris from local cells.
      - spots are not harmful, but indicate underlying issue to blood vessels in the eye
  • Flame Hemorrhages – indicate blood that has leaked out of the blood vessels
21
Q

Compare hypertensive urgency and hypertensive crisis.

A
  • hypertensive urgency: BP is a potential risk, but has not yet caused acute end-organ damage (BP controlled over days/weeks)
  • hypertensive crisis: severe HTN with acute impairment of an organ system (BP lowered aggressively over mins/hours)

326 Acute & Chronic Exam 3 (8 decks)

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