Hypertension

Question 1

Define hypertension

Answer 1

-A medical term that shows the blood pressure is higher than normal and additional strain on the heart and arteries, potentially causing organ damage

Question 2

What do therapeutic interventions mean ?

Answer 2

Treatment goals help in managing heart conditions effectively

Question 3

How do heart failure happens

Answer 3

It happens when the heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs

Question 4

Meaning of Arrythmias

Answer 4

Normally quiet electrical cells in the heart become active and disrupting regular heartbeat

Question 5

What is angina ?

Answer 5

Chest pain indicating the parts of the heart are not receiving enough oxygen, often a precursor to myocardial infarction (heart attack) where heart tissues started to die due to oxygen deprivation

Question 6

What do we use to measure blood pressure ?

Answer 6

Sphygmomanometer

Question 7

What are the medications that are used to treat hypertension ?

Answer 7

-Diuretics
•helps your body eliminate excess sodium and water
•lower blood pressure
•eg: hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

-ACE Inhibitors
•relax blood vessels
•reduce production of angiotensin 2
•eg: lisinopril, enalapril, ramipril

-ARBs
•blocking action of angiotensin 2
•eg: losartan, valsartan, irbesartan

-calcium channel blockers
•prevent calcium from enter muscle cells of the heart
•eg: amlodipine, diltiazem, verapamil

-beta-blockers
•reduce workload on heart
•helps it beat regularly by blocking effects of stress hormone
•eg: metoprolol, atempnolol, propanolol

Question 8

What is Thiazide and other Diuretics?

Answer 8

-the mechanism that reduces arterial blood pressure, decrease in blood volume, venous return and cardiac output initially
-May lead to hypokalemia, diabetes mellitus, gout

Question 9

Drugs use in hypertension

Answer 9

-Labetolol
-Clonidine and methyldopa (reduce activity of nervous system and lower heart rate)
-Bisoprolol, metoprolol, atenolol (reduce heart’s workload and blood pressure)
-Spironolactone and bendroflumethiazide (dilate vessels)
-Nitoprusside and hydralazine (lowers blood volume and pressure)

Question 10

Give 5 examples of drugs that blocks the conversion of angiotensin 1 and 2 by inhibiting angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Answer 10

-captopril
-enalapril
-perindopril
-ramipril
-lisinopril

Question 11

What do ACE Inhibitors drugs MoA?

Answer 11

Block the conversion of angiotensin 1 and 2 by inhibiting angiotensin conversion enzyme (ACE)

Question 12

Side effects of ACE Inhibitors ?

Answer 12

-persistent cough
-Hypotension
-Syncope
-Haematological
-Hyperkalaemia

Question 13

Examples of Alpha blockers ?

Answer 13

-Doxazosin
-terazosin
-prozasin

Question 14

What are Alpha Blockers MoA ? What are the side effects ?

Answer 14

-alpha blockers are for blocking the arterial alpha-adrenergic receptors and to prevent vasoconstriction actions of these receptors

-Side effects:
•orthostatic
•hypotension
•syncope

Question 15

What are angiotensin 2 antagonist MoA ?

Answer 15

To block the action of angiotensin 2 on it’s AT1 receptors and to prevent the vasoconstriction effects of this receptor

Question 16

Angiotensin 2 antagonists side effects and examples of drugs ?

Answer 16

Side effects:
•hypotension
•hyperkalaemia
•renal impairment
•nausea
•vomiting

Drugs examples:
•losartan
•candesartan
•irbesartan
•termisartan
•valsartan

Question 17

What are beta-blockers method of actions ? And what are the side effects ?

Answer 17

To block b1-adrenergic receptors

Side effects:
•dizziness
•headache
•visual disturbance
•musculoskeletal pain
•nausea and vomiting

Question 18

Examples of drugs of beta-blockers

Answer 18

-atenolol
-bisoprolol
-carvedilol
-metaprolol

Question 19

MoA calcium antagonists

Answer 19

To block the inward flow of calcium instead through L channels of arterial smooth muscle cells

Question 20

Give 3 side effects of calcium antagonist and it’s examples

Answer 20

-hypotension
-constipation
-flushing

Eg:
-amlodipine
-felodipine
-nicardipine

Question 21

Methods of action of Diuretics?

Answer 21

-To inhibit aldosterone receptors in the distal convoluted renal tubules
-inhibit reabsorption of Na and chloride in the ascending loop of Henle

Question 22

Side effects of diuretics

Answer 22

-hypotension
-dehydration
-gout
-fluid-electrolyte
-increase BUN (blood urea)

Question 23

Example drugs of diuretics

Answer 23

-spironolactone
-furosemide

Question 24

Other hypertensive example

Answer 24

Methyldopa
-to inhibit a-adrenergic receptors resulting in a decreased arterial pressure
-Side effects:
•oedema
•weight gain
•jaundice

Question 25

How do we know we have hypertension ?

Answer 25

More than 120 blood pressure