Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PED2007 > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of hypertension

A

essential/primary
secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe the cause of primary HP

A

there is no identifiable cause, it develops over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describes secondary hyptensions cause

A

caused by underlying conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is secondary hypertension linked to

A

Obstructive sleep apnoea, Kidney
problems, Adrenal gland tumours, Thyroid problems, Certain defects you’re born with
(congenital) in blood vessels, medications such as birth control pills/ cold remedy/
decongestants/ over-the-counter pain relievers / some prescription drugs / Illegal
drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is elevated blood pressure

A

Systolic = 120-129
Diastolic = <80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is high blood pressure

A

Systolic = 130-139
Diastolic = 80-89

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is hypertension’s blood pressure

A

Systolic = 140<
Diastolic =90<

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what type of hypertension is most likely to arise in young adults

A

Essential/primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is used to measure the risk of hypertension, and what score is needed for intervention

A

QRISK3, 10%+ score is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hypertension can cause other conditions in the body (7)

A

Heart failure, Myocardial ischaemia/infarction, stroke, aneurysm, Nephrosclerosis (renal failure), Retinopathy, Atherosclerosis (thrombus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what non-pharmaceutical treatments can be used to treat hypertension

A

lifestyle changes
healthy eating, decrease salt, increase exercise, limiting alcohol, Non-smoking, reducing stroke/controlling BP, relaxation practise/slow breathing exercise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pharmaceutical treatment for hypertension

A

Ca2+ channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, Thiazide-like Diuretics, Beta blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what aspect of the RAAS system causes hypertension

A

Angiotensin II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what enzyme converts angiotensin to angiotensin I

A

Renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Angiotensin I is inactive, true or false

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what enzymes causes Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

A

ACE - Angiotensin converting enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 5 effects of Angiotensin II that causes hypertension

A

1) stimulates adrenal cortex to relase aldosterone (promotes Na + water retension)
2) release of ADH from pituitary (water reabsorption)
3) stimulates thirst
4) causes vasoconstriction
5) Cardiac + vascular hypertrophy (more muscle mass which increases cardiac output)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give an example of a Ca2+ channel blocker which treats hypertension

A

Amlodipine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Ca2+ channel blockers

A

inhibits influx of Ca2+
- on myocardial muscle, inhibits contractibility
- in the myocardial conducting system which inhibits formation +propagation of depolarisation
-on the vascular smooth muscle = vasodilation

20
Q

what are the adverse effects of amlodipine

A

oedema, headaches/dizzy, flushing, pounding heartbeat, swollen ankles

21
Q

when is amlodipine prescribed

A
  • used in older patients as they have constrictive arteries (55<)
  • people without type 2 diabetes
    -African/Afro-caribean
22
Q

What is Iosartan

A

angiotensin receptor blockers

23
Q

how do ARBs work

A

selective compettive blockers of angiotensin II at the AT1 receptor, similar effects to ACE inhibitors

24
Q

ARBs are used to treat hypertension if they are -

A

-if they also have type 2 diabetes
- younger than 55
- not african/ afrocarribean

25
Q

adverse effects of ARBs

A

dizziness, headaches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, pain in joints

26
Q

If a patients is - then they cannot be prescribed ARBs

A

pregnant
or have hyperkalemia

27
Q

what type of diuretics is used for hypertension, and name an example of these

A

Thiazide-like
Indapamide

28
Q

what is the mechanism of indapamide

A
  • inhibits Na+ and Cl- reabsorption from the distal convoluted tubules by blocking the Na+/Cl- symporters
  • at lower doses vasodilation is more prominent than diuresis
29
Q

when are thiazide-like diuretics prescribed

A

2nd/3rd step for treatment

30
Q

what are Indapamide’s adverse effects

A

severe fluid and electrolyte imbalance
-hyponatremia (decrease Na+)
-hypokalaemia (decrease K+)
-hypocholeremic alkalosis

31
Q

when are thiazide-like diuretics not appropriate

A
  • patients that suffers from kidney problems
  • elderly with a risk of falling
32
Q

what type of drugs is used to treat hypertension in patients with resistant hypertension

A

K+ sparing diruetics (weak) - Spironolactone

33
Q

what is spironolactone’s mechanism of action

A
  • its a steroid pro-drug, blocks aldosterone which induced production of soldium transport protien in the DCT which causes Na+ and H20 loss
  • K+ retention
34
Q

what are spironolactone adverse effects

A

hyperkalaemia, GI disturbance, Oestrogenic side effects, gynecomastia, menstrual disturbance, reduced libido, testicular atrophy

35
Q

what are Spironolactone contraindications

A

Addisons, anuria, hyperkalaemia, caution for elderly

36
Q

what is an example of an ACE inhibitor

A

lisinopril

37
Q

how does lisinopril work

A

inhibits the angiotensin converting enzyme in the RAAS system
- reduce thirst, stops ADH and inhibits vasoconstriction
-stops release aldosterone and stops hypertrophy
- boost brandykinin levels = vasodilation by different mechanims
- inhibits kininase II

38
Q

adverse effects of lisinopril,

A

low BP
dizziness /headache
dry cough

39
Q

when is lisinopril prescribed

A
  • patients with type 2 diabetes
  • <55
    -not african/afrocarribean
40
Q

when is lisinopril not prescribed

A
  • patients with hyperkalaemia
  • have a history of angioedema
  • allergic to ACE inhibitors
  • recently took heart medication
41
Q

what is the last resort to treat hypertension and give an example

A

beta-blocker
bisoprolol

42
Q

what is the mechanism of beta blockers

A

noradrenaline in cardiac tissue is decreased
- decreases cardiac output (negative inotrope effect) = decrease BP
- swich off one of the mechanism of the RAAS pathway
- inhibits adrenergic B1 receptors
- inhibits release of renin
- slows firing of SAN/AVnode which decrease HR

43
Q

beta blocker’s adverse effects

A

cold fingers/toes (peripheries), erectile dysfunction, tired, dizzy, lightheadedness, sleeping problems

44
Q

indications for beta blockers

A
  • may be considered for young people
  • intolerence/contraindication to ACEi or ARBs
  • women of child bearing potential
  • evidence of increase sympathetic drive
45
Q

describe atherosclerosis

A

development of of fatty acid and cholesterol in the wall of the arteries as part of the inflammatory response
-arteries are narrowed due to plaque build up
- high BP can damage artery’s wall

PED2007 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions