Hypertension Flashcards
What are the main risk factors for hypertension?
- Age
- Race (African»_space; caucasian)
- Family history
- Obesity
- Inactivity
- Active smoking
- High-sodium diet
- Low-potassium diet
- Alcohol
- Stress
What are the different types of hypertension?
- Primary hypertension
2. Secondary hypertension
What are underlying causes of secondary hypertension?
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Kidney disease
- Renal artery stenosis
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Endocrine dysfunction
- Primary hyperaldosteronism
- Phaeochromocytoma
- Cushing’s disease
- Thyroid problems
- Congenital heart disease
- Illegal drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines
What are complications of hypertension?
MI Stroke Aneurysm Heart failure Nephropathy Metabolic syndrome
How is hypertension diagnosed?
- Clinical reading > 140/90
- Offer ABMP or HBPM
If BP >135/80: stage I hypertension, if no comorbidities: no treatment
If BP >150/95: stage II hypertension –> treat
What is a hypertensive crisis?
A blood pressure measurement higher than 180/120 mm Hg is an emergency situation that requires urgent medical care
What are pieces of lifestyle advice given to people with hypertension?
- Cut salt intake
- Lose weight
- Limit alcohol intake
- Exercise regularly
- Cut down on caffeine
- Stop smoking
What are common side effects of calcium channel blockers?
Ankle oedema, flushing, headache
What are common side effects of ACE-I?
Dry cough, oedema, hyperkalaemia
What are common side effects of thiazide diuretics?
Hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia
What is malignant hypertension?
High blood pressure with symptoms and signs indicative of acute impairment of one or more organ system – typically with a systolic BP of > 180 mmHg
What are the symptoms of malignant hypertension?
- Chest pain
- Headache
- Dyspnoea
- Anxiety
- Palpitations
What are causes of malignant hypertension?
- Discontinuation of medication
- Drug use
- Head trauma
- Eclampsia
How would you treat malignant hypertension?
IV sodium nitroprusside injection 0.5-1.5 micrograms/kg/minute
