Hypertension Flashcards
Which of the following best defines hypertension?
A. SBP: ≥140 or DBP: ≥90 mm Hg B. SBP: ≥140 and DBP: ≥90 mm Hg C. SBP: >140 or DBP: >90 mm Hg D. SBP: ≥140 and/or DBP: ≥90 mm Hg E. None of the options
A. SBP: ≥140 or DBP: ≥90 mm Hg
Which of the following is the primary ECF cation?
A. Potassium B. Sodium C. Calcium D. Chloride E. Phosphorus
B. Sodium
Which of the following is the primary intracellular cation?
A. Potassium B. Sodium C. Calcium D. Chloride E. Phosphorus
A. Potassium
Which of the following is/are the effect of sodium as primary determinant of ECF volume?
A. Increased intravascular volume B. Increased blood pressure C. Increased extravascular volume D. Decreased blood pressure E. Two of the options
E. Two of the options
Increased intravascular volume –> Increased BP
Which of the following leads to increased heart rate and contractility?
A. α1 B. α2 C. β1 D. β2 E. Any of the options
C. β1
α1 – vasoconstriction
α2 – inhibition of noradrenergic release
β1 – Increased heart rate and contractility
β2 – vasodilation
All of the following stimulation results to increased BP EXCEPT …
A. α1 B. α2 C. β1 D. β2 E. Any of the options
D. β2
β2 – vasodilation → decreased BP
Which of the following contributes highest to vasoconstriction?
A. Angiotensin I B. Angiotensin II C. Aldosterone D. Renin E. Any of the options
B. Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II – vasoconstriction
Aldosterone – sodium retention
Renin secretion – inhibited by increased NaCl transport
Which of the following are primary determinants of cardiac output?
A. TPR and SV B. HR and SV C. Preload and SV D. Preload and afterload E. None of the options
B. HR and SV
CO = HR x SV
Which of the following are important determinants of arterial pressure?
A. radius and compliance B. radius and resistance C. SBP and DBP D. TPR and SV E. Any of the options
A. radius and compliance
Decreased lumen size → increased resistance → decreased blood flow → increased blood pressure
Which of the following most likely results to hypertension?
A. Elastic arterioles B. Stiffened arterioles C. Semi-rigid arterioles D. Two of the options E. All of the options
B. Stiffened arterioles
Stiffened vasculature: less able to buffer alterations in blood flow → hypertension
Which of the is/are effects of generation of ROS from oxidative stress?
A. modify T cell function B. modify B cell function C. modify TNF α function D. modify cardiac muscle function E. Any of the options
A. modify T cell function
Inflammation and oxidative stress → generation of reactive oxygen species → modify T cell function → further enhance inflammation → endothelial dysfunction → hypertension
All of the following are important elements in patient history of hypertension EXCEPT
A. Lifestyle factors
B. Current and previous medications
C. Presence of vascular and abdominal bruits
D. Symptoms suggesting causes of hypertension
E. Duration of hypertension
C. Presence of vascular and abdominal bruits
Systolic pressure is recorded upon hearing what type of sound?
A. Tapping sound B. Soft swishing sound C. Crisp sound D. Blowing sound E. Silence
A. Tapping sound
Silence Systolic - Tapping sound Phase 2 - Soft swishing sound Phase 3 - Crisp sound Diastolic - Blowing sound Silence
Which of the following statements is/are true about jugular vein?
A. Found above the SCM
B. Main path for deoxygenated blood returning from the cranium back to the heart
C. Has no protection from bone or cartilage
D. Two of the options
E. All of the options
D. Two of the options
All of the following are appropriate steps in carotid pulse examination EXCEPT:
A. Raise the head to about 30 degrees.
B. Palpate both carotid arteries at the same time
C. Slowly increase pressure until maximal pulsation, then slowly decrease pressure until sensing the arterial pressure and contour.
D. Assess the amplitude, contour, variations, and timing of the pulse.
E. None of the options
B. Palpate both carotid arteries at the same time
Never palpate both carotid arteries at the same time. This may decrease blood flow and induce syncope.
