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3rd yr- IWB- Microbiology > Hypersensitivity > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity Flashcards

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1
Q

Define hypersensitivity

A

An abnormal or exaggerated reaction to the ingestion, inflation or contact with a substance that does not provoke such a reaction in most people

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2
Q

What is an allergic reaction?

A

A hypersensitivity reaction to a normally innocuous substance that is mediated by the immune system

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3
Q

What can a person with mercury allergy experience

A

Burning mouth syndrome

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4
Q

List the different classifications of hypersensitivity reactions

A

Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV

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5
Q

What are hypersensitivity reactions grouped according to?

A
  1. The Immune effector mechanisms that mediate the response e
  2. The type of antigen that stimulates them
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6
Q

What are type I hypersensitivity reactions mediated by?

A

IgE and mast cells

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7
Q

Before having a type I hypersensitivity reaction what must an individual be?

A

Must be sensitised

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8
Q

What is the antigen associated with type I hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Any soluble antigen

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9
Q

Talk through the steps of a type I hypersensitivity reaction

A
  1. Soluble antigen is picked up by dendritic cells
  2. Dendritic cell primes immune response, plasma cells migrate to mucosa and release allergen specific IgE
  3. IgE binds to mast cells via the Fc region of the antibody binding to Fc receptors on mast cells
  4. Following re exposure allergic binds to and clusters the IgE on the mast cell
  5. This signals the FcR triggering mast cell degranulation releasing histamine
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10
Q

What is the overall effect of a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Mast cell activation, degranulation and the release of histamine

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11
Q

Give some examples hypersensitivity reactions

A
  1. Allergic reactions
  2. Allergic asthma a
  3. Atopic eczema
  4. Anaphylaxis
  5. Some drug allergies
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12
Q

What is another name for type IV hypersensitivity reactions

A

Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions

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13
Q

What is type IV hypersensitivity mediated by?

A

T cells

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14
Q

Name the different T cells that can cause type IV hypersensitivity ?

A

Th1
Th2
Cytotoxic T cells

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15
Q

What is the antigen associated with type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Soluble antigen

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16
Q

What are allergens?

A

Small and highly reactive molecules that bind to and immunologically alter host proteins

17
Q

What are the two stages of a type IV hypersensitivity reactions

A

Sensitisation

Elicitation

18
Q

Give examples of type IV hypersensitivity reactions that are mediated by Th1

A

Allergic contact Dermatitis

Tuberculin reaction

19
Q

Give examples of type IV hypersensitivity reactions that are mediated by Th2 cells

A

Chronic astma

Chronic allergic rhinitis

20
Q

Give examples of type IV hypersensitivity reactions that are mediated by Cytotoxic T cells

A

Graft rejection

Allergic contact dermatitis to poison ivy

21
Q

What is the effect of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Th1 cells

A

Macrophage activation

22
Q

What is the effect of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Th2 cells

A

IgE production
Esinophil activation
Mastocytosis

23
Q

What is the effect of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction mediated by cytotoxic T cells

A

Cytotoxicity

24
Q

Name three dental allergens

A
  1. Latex
  2. Antibiotics
  3. Dental materials/ metals
25
Q

What is the most common problems associated with latex

A
  1. Contact dermatitis and delayed type IV hypersensitivity

2. Type 1 IgE mediated response (More serious)

26
Q

What are some of the symptoms of a latex allergy?

A
  1. Mild irritation of mucosa
  2. bronchospasm,
  3. airway oedema
  4. vasodilation resulting in hypotension.
27
Q

When can a type IV latex allergy start to show symptoms and list some of the symptoms

A

Symptoms can start to show 24+ hours after contact

Symptoms include: erythema, pruitis, eczema and vesicles

28
Q

When can a type I latex allergy start to show symptoms and list some of the symptoms

A

Symptoms can start to show mins- hours after contact

Symptoms include: erythema, pruitis, eczema, bronchospasm, vomiting, vasodilation, hypotension and death

29
Q

What is the frequency of penicillin allergy in dental patients

A

1 in 10 frequency

30
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction can antibiotic allergy cause?

A

Type II

cutaneous, non-IgE mediated rash

31
Q

What can some antibiotic allergies lead to

A
  1. cutaneous, non-IgE mediated rash
  2. Loss of red blood cells or neutrophils.
  3. hives or possible anaphylaxis.
32
Q

After placing amalgam restorations what has been seen in a small proportion of patients

A

Delayed hypersensitivity reactions such as lesions with erythema and pruritic (itch) on the oral mucosa and oral lichen planus

33
Q

What is burning mouth syndrome an allergic reaction to?

A

Mercury

34
Q

List some metals people may be allergic to

A
  1. Mercury
  2. Nickel
  3. Chromium
  4. titanium
35
Q

List some clinical manifestations of nickel allergy

A
  1. gingival hyperplasia,
  2. numbness
  3. burning sensations.
36
Q

In whom is a titanium allergy common in?

A

patients with pacemakers

3rd yr- IWB- Microbiology (12 decks)

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