hypersensitivity

Question 1

what is the diffence between allergies and anaphylaxis

Answer 1

allergies are localized to a site where anaphylaxis is a system reaction.

Question 2

what antibodies are reactive in type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 2

IgE coated basophils or mast cells cause hypersensivity

Question 3

what are allergens

Answer 3

anaphylaxis induced by insect venoms penicillin seafood nuts ect. Food 1 peanuts 25 percent of that on percent

Question 4

what is atopy

Answer 4

an increased tendency to develop allergies.

Question 5

what do IgE usually repond to or made to respond to

Answer 5

they normally responde to parasites syally in skin airways or gut

Question 6

is it TH1 or TH2 involved in allergens

Answer 6

TH2

Question 7

what is the hygienic hyphothesis

Answer 7

Type 1 is not increasing in developing countries just developed countries because we are not being exposed to the pathogen that we normally would be. And we are less exposed to Th1 response to shut down the Th2 response so they run rampant.

Question 8

What promotes a better Th2 response

Answer 8

low dos, low molecular weight, and high soluble.

Question 9

what are the characterists of basophils

Answer 9

usually in blood stream, related to mast cells but not in tissue, promote allergies and anaphylaxis, non phagocytic cells.

Question 10

how do IgE’s work compared to other antibodies

Answer 10

they do not circulate but instead bind to basophils and mast cells on the Fcc receptor sites. Upon exposure they cause the mast/basophils to degranulate, lose hitamine. Each cell have 10 billion hitamine molecules.

Question 11

if you dont have allergies do you stick make IgE

Answer 11

yes you still do but not enough to coat the mast or basophils.

Question 12

what does realease of the granules contents lead to

Answer 12

edema and smooth muscle contraction and possible death.

Question 13

what do eosinophils normally do

Answer 13

they attach to worms and release granules containing hydrolytic enzymes

Question 14

what is the late phase response

Answer 14

it is the 2nd phase of smooth muscle contraction sustained edema recuitment of Eosinophils and Th2 cells, and remodeling of tissue smooth muscle hypertrophy but can happen hours later.

Question 15

what are the effects of hitamine

Answer 15

bronchial smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. Fluid in lungs

Question 16

What leukotriennes are involved in the type one response and what do they do

Answer 16

LTC4,LTD4,LTE4, similar effect as histamine but it has to be manufactured so it has a slower but much more sustained response.

Question 17

what is the only treatment that will reverse anaphylaxis

Answer 17

Epiniephrine increases c-amp tightens junction in endotheilals cells to stop edema, and relaxes smooth muscles

Question 18

what do antihistimines do

Answer 18

they bind to the histamine receptors to block binding of hitmine

Question 19

what do cromolyn sodium and theophylline do

Answer 19

block degranulation

Question 20

what are the other treatments

Answer 20

repeated exposure through an alternative rout will cause IgG antibodies instead of IgE so this will react first to the allergen.

Question 21

what type of antibodies are involved in type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 21

IgG usually leads to an autoimmune disease

Question 22

what is type two hypersensitivity

Answer 22

where you over respond to self cells and cause phagocytosis or even ADCC through NK cells

Question 23

what is an example of type two hypersensitivity

Answer 23

hemolytic disease of the newborn when mother RH neg and child is RH pos then maternal IgG will attack second babies RBS

Question 24

what are two non cytotoxic reactions

Answer 24

Graves disease antibodies to TSH receptor causes overproduction of thyroid hormones , and myashtenia gravis antibodies to acetycholine receptor blocks nerve impulse to muscles

Question 25

what is type three hyoersensitivity

Answer 25

you are producing a lot of antibodies with a lot on antigens and they complex together like lupas

Question 26

what is the pathogenesis of type three development

Answer 26

antigen must persist for long periods, optimal ratio of antibody and antigens are required, and immune complex size. Too small we urinate them, too large they are phagocytized but medium are the worst.

Question 27

what do type three hypersensity to to hurt you

Answer 27

they complexes lodge in tissues, activate neutrophils accumulation, and lysosomes enxymes dage tissue

Question 28

how are the complexes usally removed

Answer 28

CR1 in RBC bind C3b and C4b shuttle to liver and spleen and removed

Question 29

Type 4 is called contact dermititus but what causes it

Answer 29

small molecules comlexed with skin protein are presented by antigens to t helper cells. Antigen crosses cedll and cells present it as a type 1 antigen to t cells causing CTL to destroy the cell.

Question 30

how does the PPD skin test work

Answer 30

it presents a small amount of antigen and we look to see if the macrophages accumulate to destroy them if you have had prior exposure

Question 31

what is granuloma formation

Answer 31

when the antigen not eracicatedleads to DTH leads to a granuloma to wall of the bacteria CD4 is what gives you the granuloma

Question 32

what happens to aids patients that develop

Answer 32

they do not have CD4 so they do not develop a granuloma