hyperparathyroidism

Question 1

what does the parathyroid hormone do

Answer 1

acts to raise blood calcium
- increase osteoclast activity
- increase calcium reabsorption in kidneys
- increase vit D activity

Question 2

what does vit D do

Answer 2

increase calcium absorption from the intestines

Question 3

symptoms of hypercalcaemia

Answer 3

stones, bones, groans, moans
kidney stones
painful bones
abdominal groans
psychiatric moans

Question 4

what is primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 4

uncontrolled parathyroid hormone production by a tumour of the parathyroid glands
-> hypercalcaemia

Question 5

treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 5

remove tumour surgically

Question 6

what is secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 6

insufficient vit D or CKD reduces calcium absorption from intestines, kidneys and bones
-> low blood calcium
parathryoid gland secrets more PTH

PTH= HIGH
calcium= low or normal

Question 7

what causes tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 7

when secondary hyperparathyroidism happens for a long time
even after underlying cause is treated, hyperplasia of PTH gland means PTH remains HIGH
causing hypercalcaemia

Question 8

associations with primary hyperparathyroid

Answer 8

hypertension
MEN I and II

Question 9

investigations for primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 9

bloods: raised calcium low phosphate, high PTH
technetium-MIBI subtraction scan
xray findings: pepperpot skull, osteitis fibrosa cystica