Hyperkinetic Dysarthria Flashcards
dyskinesia:
abnormal movements
Hyperkinetic dysarthria is due to lesions in the:
basal ganglia circuit – it’s extrapyramidal
Extrapyramidal refers to:
those motor pathways that do not pass through the pyramids at the medullary-spinal level
Hyperkinetic dysarthria can affect which subsystems:
any sub-systems. But it mainly affects prosody in speech
Lesions to the basal ganglia (extrapyramidal system) can cause speech characteristics related to (4):
abnormal
rhythmic or irregular (so may be regular or irregular)
unpredictable
rapid or slow involuntary movements.
What is the key thing to keep in mind with hyperkinetic dysarthria?
Involuntary movements
T/F
There is a variety of disorders in this category with a lot of variance among them
T
Are abnormal movements present during speech and other movements?
No.
Abnormal movements may only be present during speech – important feature
Why do abnormal movements occur in hyperkinetic dysarthria? (3)
Abnormal movements may be the result of a failure to inhibit cortical motor discharges.
Also there may be firing from the thalamus that isn’t inhibited causing these movements
Another cause of these movements may be that there is an imbalance between the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters
AcH is _____
excitatory
Dopamine is ____
inhibitory
The term hyper in hyperkinetic means:
movements that don’t belong, extra movements
not too fast speed in movement
voluntary movements of hyperkinetic dysarthria patients may be
slow
Why do we subdivide categories of movement disorders in hyperkinetic dysarthria?
because even though involuntary movements are the theme that tie these together as hyperkinetic dysarthrias, there is considerable variability in each of them, in their character and underlying pathology
What is the underlying theme of movements with hyperkinetic dysarthrias?
involuntary movement
Are all involuntary movements with hyperkinetic dysarthria similar in nature?
No,
Considerable variability in movement, character and underlying pathology
Etiologies of hyperkinetic dysarthria:
multiple etiologies
- main known cause: toxic-metabolic
- idiopathic causes are the most frequent (Most are unknown etiologies)
How can these hyperkinetic dysarthrias be distinguished from other dysarthrias?
By visual observing-because of the strange movements
Some of the bizarreness of the movements with hyperkinetic dysarthrias may cause the person to be incorrectly diagnosed as having:
a psychogenic problem
Categories of hyperkinetic dysarthias (9):
- Dyskinesia (e.g. Tardive dyskinesia)
- Myoclonus
- Tics
- Chorea
- Ballism
- Athetosis
- Dystonia
- Spasm
- Tremor
Dyskinesia
Refers to abnormal, hyperkinetic, involuntary movements
A general term for abnormal movement
Dyskinesia can occur in various part of the body
Orofacial dyskinesias:
Dyskinesias that occur in the mouth, tongue and jaw and don’t have to have any other parts of body involved
Tardive dyskinesia:
Dyskinesis related to prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs
Often seen in patients with schizophrenia who have taken antipsychotic drugs.
Orofacial dyskinesias may be tardive dyskinesias
Akathisia (in the category of dyskinesias):
Motor restlessness demonstrated by pacing, moving around a lot, rubbing head, etc.
Due to damage in BG circuit