Defining Motor Speech Disorders Flashcards
Neurologic process of speech production involves (3):
- Cognitive-Linguistic Process (Aphasia)
- Motor Speech Programming (apraxia)
- Neuromuscular Execution (dysarthria)
Cognitive-Linguistic Process –
the aspect of speech production involving an intention to communicate which is organized into the verbal symbols that follow the rules of language. (Aphasia)
Motor Speech Programming –
the intended communication has to be executed by the neuromuscular system. To do this the speaker selects and organizes the sensorimotor programs that cause the appropriate speech muscles to be activated at the right time. This is the speech programming process. (apraxia)
Neuromuscular Execution –
The CNS and PNS innervate the necessary muscles of respiration, phonation, articulation and resonance to produce desired words. (dysarthria)
Motor Speech Disorders:
Disorders of speech resulting from neurologic impairment affecting the motor programming or neuromuscular execution of speech (2):
- apraxia of speech
- the dysarthrias
Types of Motor Speech Disorders (2)
Dysarthria & Apraxia
Dysarthria:
Collective name for group of motor speech disorders resulting from disturbances in muscular control over the speech mechanism due to damage of the CNS or PNS.
Can result in paralysis, weakness, or incoordination of speech musculature.
Dysarthria can affect which speech subsystems (5)?
All speech subsystems:
- Respiration
- Phonation
- Resonance
- Articulation
- Prosody
Site of lesion for Dysarthria:
CNS
or
PNS
Types of Dysarthria – developed by Darley, Aronson & Brown (6)
- Flaccid
- Spastic
- Ataxic
- Hypokinetic
- Hyperkinetic
- Mixed
Apraxia:
Neurogenic speech disorder resulting from impairment of the capacity to program sensorimotor commands for the positioning and movement of muscles for volitional production of speech.
Occurs in the absence of weakness.
Can apraxia and dysarthria co-occur with aphasia?
Yes, both apraxia and dysarthria can co-occur with aphasia
BUT apraxia more commonly co-occurs with aphasia
Apraxia of speech can affect which subsystems of speech (2)?
- Articulation – may be inconsistent errors (?), difficulty with initiating speech
- Prosody – due to starting and stopping in self-correcting
Does the course of motor speech disorders depends on etiology?
Yes
Course of disease for motor speech disorders (5):
- Transient – symptoms don’t last, they disappear completely
- Improving – things are improving but some symptoms are still there – just not as severe.
- Progressive – symptoms don’t get better, they continue to get worse or new symptoms appear.
- Exacerbating-remitting – symptoms occur, then get better, then occur again; gets worse, then better, etc.
- Stationary – symptoms remain unchanged after they have reached maximum severity.
Treatment of motor speech disorders…
varies depending on type of dysarthria
i.e. for progressive course goals will be different than for developmental or transient
How do symptoms develop for motor speech disorders?(3 types)
- Acute – comes on quickly within minutes
- Subacute – comes on within days
- Chronic – comes on within months
Most motor speech disorders are associated with…
chronic disorders
The Central Nervous System includes:
- Brain
- Cerebrum
- Brain stem
- Cerebellum
- Spinal cord
* areas encased by bone
4 Lobes of the cerebrum:
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
The cerebrum is made up of:
Cortex – outer layer (bark)
Gyri – ridges
Sulci - valleys
The Cerebellum’s job:
Modifing cortical activity
The 3 lobes of the cerebellum are:
- anterior
- posterior
- flocculonodular
- Has 2 hemispheres, right and left
- Vermis – midportion
3 Parts of the brain stem:
Midbrain – links cerebrum to brain stem page 41
Pons – bridges to cerebellum
Medulla – controls respiration