Hypercalcaemia Flashcards

Parathyroid Disorder

1
Q

What is hypercalcaemia?

A

High calcium levels in the blood serum

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2
Q

What are the causes of excessive PTH secretion leading to hypercalcaemia?

A

(1) Primary hyperparathyroidism (adenoma or hyperplasia)

(2) Tertiary hyperparathyroidism

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3
Q

How does malignancy cause hypercalcaemia?

A

(1) bone metastases
(2) PTH-related protein secretion
(3) Osteoclast-activating factors from tumours

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4
Q

What are the classic symptoms of hypercalcaemia?

A

“Stones, Bones, Groans, and Psychic Moans”

Stones → Gallstones, renal stones

Bones → Bone pain, fractures, osteoporosis

Groans → Abdominal pain, pancreatitis, peptic ulcers

Psychic Moans → Depression, confusion, psychiatric symptoms

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5
Q

What are the acute symptoms of hypercalcaemia?

A

Thirst, dehydration, confusion, polyuria

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6
Q

What are the chronic symptoms of hypercalcaemia?

A

(1) Myopathy
(2) Fractures
(3) Osteopenia
(4) Depression
(5) Hypertension
(6) Pancreatitis
(7) Duodenal ulcers
(8) Renal calculi

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7
Q

What ECG finding is associated with hypercalcaemia?

A

Shortened QT interval
J wave

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7
Q

What blood test abnormalities indicate primary hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. Raised calcium
  2. Low phosphate
  3. Detectable or elevated PTH
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8
Q

What blood test abnormalities suggest malignancy-related hypercalcaemia?

A
  1. Raised calcium
  2. Undetectable PTH
  3. Raised alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
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9
Q

What are the key biochemical findings in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH)?

A
  1. Mild hypercalcaemia
  2. Low urine calcium excretion
  3. Normal/high PTH
  4. Normal ALP
  5. High phosphate
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10
Q

How is acute severe hypercalcaemia managed?

A
  1. IV 0.9% saline (4-6L in 24 hours) for rehydration
  2. Consider loop diuretics
    (after rehydration) to prevent calcium reabsorption
  3. Bisphosphonates to inhibit bone resorption (effect in 2-3 days, max at 1 week)
  4. Steroids
    (eg, prednisolone 40-60 mg/day)
    in cases like sarcoidosis
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11
Q

When is surgery indicated for primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

(1) Calcium >2.85 mmol/L
(2) Age <50
(3) Reduced eGFR (<60 mL/min)
(4) End-organ damage

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12
Q

What is cinacalcet, and when is it used?

A

A calcium mimetic that reduces PTH secretion, used when surgery is not an option or in tertiary hyperparathyroidism/parathyroid carcinoma

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13
Q

How is malignancy-related hypercalcaemia managed?

A

Treat the underlying malignancy

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14
Q

Which type of lung cancer can cause hypercalcaemia through PTHrP release?

A

Squamous cell

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15
Q

What are the key adverse signs of severe hypercalcaemia?

A
  1. Cardiac arrhythmia
  2. Seizures/coma
  3. Dehydration
    (acute kidney injury will often occur)
16
Q

What are the key treatments in hypercalcaemia?

A

(1) IV fluid rehydration (0.9% saline)
(2) IV bisphosphonate as second line

(3) Consideration of furosemide/prednisolone/calcitonin as third-line treatments

17
Q

What is the first line management of acute hypercalcaemia?

A

Aggressive IV fluids

18
Q

What is the best test to assess bone related damage in the context of hypercalcaemia?

A

DEXA bone scan

19
Q

Which drugs can cause hypercalcaemia?

A

Vitamin D
Vitamin A
Lithium
Thiazides

20
Q

What level of hypercalcaemia requires urgent treatment regardless of symptoms?

A

Greater than 3.5 mmol/L

21
Q

What does undetected PTH mean?

A

Undetected PTH (parathyroid hormone) means that the hormone level is so low that it is below the test’s detection limit

22
Q

Possible causes of undetected PTH include what?

A

(1) Hypoparathyroidism
(underactive parathyroid glands)

(2) Autoimmune conditions

(3) Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands

(4) Very high calcium levels

23
Q

A 46-year-old man arrives at the acute medical unit feeling generally unwell. On routine bloods you find his Calcium levels are 1.8 (normal 2.25-2.5)
Which clinical features might you expect to observe?

A

Chvostek sign (to do with nerves)
Perioral and extremity numbness Laryngospasm
Arrhythmia

24
Q

A 67-year-old man presents to his GP with symptoms of increasing fatigue, bone pain, and constipation. He has a history of squamous cell lung cancer diagnosed three months ago and is currently under the care of the hospital oncology team.

The GP orders blood tests to investigate the cause of his recent symptoms.

What blood test result is most likely to be elevated in this scenario?

A

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP)
= malignancy

25
Q

A 72-year-old woman presents with weight loss and a 6-month history of cough. Her blood tests show a raised serum calcium. You suspect a diagnosis of lung cancer.

What blood test result would support this diagnosis?

A

Low serum parathyroid hormone