Hydrosphere Flashcards
How much water do oceans contain
97.5%
How much freshwater is there?
2.5%
How much surface water is there?
0.4%
Rivers,lakes,atmosphere,soil,moisture
How much ice is there?
69.5%
How much ground water is there?
30.1%
How does evaporation take place.
Takes place due to heat
What is transpiration?
Loss of water from trees and plants
Evapotranspiration
What is condensation?
When water vapour is carried upward ,it cools leading to condensation.
What is precipitation?
Further cooling of water vapour eg.rain,snow,hail
What is interception?
When moisture reaches earths surface and doesn’t fall directly onto the ground prevented by trees and plants
What is surface runoff?
When moisture flows over the ground and finds its way into rivers and streams.
What is ground water flow?
When the remaining water(moisture) seeps underground,downwards by infiltration and sideways.
What are some water rich countries?
Russia,Canada,China,USA and Brazil
Why doesn’t Australia have a lot water?
Because it contains a large area of desert in its borders.
What do we use water for?
Agriculture-irrigation
Industrial-for use in factories and power generation.
Domestic-for use in homes and for waste disposal.
How do we get water from rivers?
It is cheap and easy
Most densely populated areas are found near big rivers eg.Ganges,India
How do we get water from Dams?
Been the only real way to meet the huge increase in demand for water around the world
Why do we get water from boreholes?
We can draw water from underground by drilling a borehole and pumping the water upwards from deep below the earths surface.
Why and how do we get water from Rainwater Harvesting?
This is catching rainwater’s as it runs off your roof or driveway and putting it in storage tanks for later use.
What are the most important ocean resource for humans?
Fish-food source
What resources are found at the bottom of the sea floor?
Oil and natural gas
- gulf in the Middle East and Gulf of Mexico have hundreds of drilling platforms and rigs which are used to extract oil and gas from below the sea floor.
- one of the risks of mining at sea is potential for environmental disaster such as deep horizon disaster in Gulf of Mexico (April 2010)
What do coral reefs do?
Within tropical waters coral reefs and attract tourists because of their natural beauty and abundance of marine life
What are the consequences of human use of the ocean
During the past century,human population has increased and this has put pressure on oceans resource.
People have removed lots of living creatures from sea and in exchange humans have added billions of plastic waste and toxic substances.
What are ocean currents
Continuous directional movement of seawater driven by gravity.Ocean water moves in 2 directions:horizontally and vertically
They can be warm or cold
Why are ocean currents important
- affect climate of coastal locations
- cold currents carry nutrients which attract fish(which human eat)
- warm currents distribute heat all around the globe
What’s the relationship of the hydrosphere and atmosphere
Water in the sea affects temperature and rainfall on land
What do warm and cold ocean currents do
Warm ocean currents carry warm water from equatorial regions towards the poles
Cold ocean currents help to direct cold water from poles to the equator
Why is the uk not as cold as it should be
The distance from the sea affects the weather
-for its latitude it should be colder.
The warm Atlantic drift starts as the very Gulf Stream in Gulf of Mexico which brings warm waters and warm air to coast of UK.
-uk and Moscow are on the same line of latitude but Moscow is not near the sea so it is cold
What are coral reefs
Animals (polyps)-invertebrates
How does coral grow
When polyp calicles connect to one another creating a colony that acts as a single organism
What is the largest coral reef
Australia’s Great Barrier Reef -20,000 years ago
What is special about coral reefs
Some of the most diverse ecosystems on earth-home to 25% of all marine creatures 2 million species live there
What is coral bleaching
When coral becomes stressed by pollution or other factors they evict algae and coral bleaching results leaving corals white skeletons
How does climate change damage coral reefs and creatures that live there
Population that feeds on fish won’t have any .Warm ocean currents will increase coral bleaching and leave them vulnerable to other threats
What is flooding
- natural event .Most rivers flood once a year
- flat land next to river is floodplain and this is where the water spreads out when it’s floodin-
What is a levee
A ridge of sediment deposited naturally alongside a river by overflowing water
Causes of flooding
- heavy rains
- overflowing rivers
- broken dams
- urban drainage basins
- storm surges and tsunamis
- channels with steep sides
- lack of vegetation
- melting snow and ice
What are the causes of water pollution
Domestic sewage-contain waterborne diseases(affect water quality negatively)
Industrial wastewater-waste water comes from toxic materials-ends up being harmful
Agricultural waster-runoff from agricultural plains containing bad chemicals land in water
Acid rain-these combine with water and it becomes acidic
Global warming-greenhouse gases are trapped and cause water temps to rise
Consequences of water pollution
- natural ecosystems can be badly affected due to increase of nitrates and phosphates in the water which speeds up eutrophication
- Warm water release from water station causes something called thermal pollution
- The higher the water temperature the worse the algae that grows in it
- Rivers lakes and groundwater are becoming increasingly contaminated with biological and chemical waste
- for human health the greatest concern is lead mercury and arsenic which find its way into water supplies and then cause brain damage or death
- Pesticides contain harmful chemicals I need to be used within care to do use risk to human life
- Trees are the most at risk from pesticides they are blame for the rapid decrease in global bees and butterfly populations.
Effects of flooding
- Can be split into short term or long term and intermediate affects
- Immediate effect happen so quickly when the flight is at its peak
- When water levels begin to go down people can see short term effect and get emergency help
- Which countries have resources to cover that poor countries rely on others to survive
Effects of flooding
- Persistent rain or torrential downpour or a combination of both can cause an increase in surface runoff
-This increase in surface run off affects interception and infiltration
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What is a Drought
-Prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall leading to a shortage of water(rural areas)
Droughts
- Even if crops don’t wither corporate yields are greatly diminished
- Livestock lose condition and maybe die due to shortage of grazing
- People in rural areas usually have large families to support without aid lack of food leads to malnutrition famine and death
- Infants and young children are most vulnerable
- Continue to grow crops and livestock during a drought increases the risk of soil erosion and desertification which can result in permanent environmental damage
- As water levels fall and reservoirs people change underground water sources in this leads to drying of Boreholes and wells for many years to follow
Metorogical drought
Specific to different regions
Agricultural drought
Water needs for crops and agriculture
Hydrological drought
Continuous Low water volumes in streams,rivers etc
Socioeconomic drought
Demand for water exceeds supply
Water related diseases
Hot wet climate provide ideal environment for insects bacteria and viruses to thrive and these are dangerous to human health
Water based
-Mean that the carriers live in water eg.bilharzia carried by snails
(Larvae mature and multiply in snail)
1.Worms bore through skin ,grow to maturity then mate in the human body
2.Eggs pass into water in Urine and facaes
3.Worms emerge into water after 3 to 7 weeks
4. Rapidly hatched larvae must find a snail within 26 hours to survive
- People with the bilharzia become weak and anemic and leads to kidney and bladder infections
- People die from it each year and more suffer from the effects of the disease
Water borne
-These diseases are spread by drinking contaminated water or washing pots and pans hands and face in dirty water
Eg.typhoid,cholera,dysentery,diarrhea
Water bred
-Carrier breeds in water and spreads disease by biting its victims
Eg malaria-transmitted by mosquitoes
Eg.sleeping-sickness affects cattle’s caused by the tsetse fly
Malaria
- Female anopheles mosquitoes are the carrier of malaria
- Breed in stagnant freshwater,swamps, lakes and ponds
- Transfer the disease mosquito must bitethe person whose blood already contains malaria parasite plasmodium
- when next person is bitten mosquito inject her saliva into bloodstream and thousands of tiny parasites make their way through the bloodstream to liver
- Here they multiply and caused the reason to become ill
- It is a very debilitating disease which leaves people feeling very weak with high fevers and often leads to death
