Hydrops

Question 1

Fetal Hydrops

Answer 1

an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in at least two body cavities or tissues

Question 2

Non-Immune Hydrops

Answer 2

defined by the absence of a detectable circulation antibody against RBCs in the mother. today 90% were non-immune due to availability of Rhesus (RH) anti D immunoglobulin.

Question 3

Immune Hydrops

Answer 3

occurs when a sensitized mother develops antibodies to fetal RBCs. in the 1970s 80% of cases were immune in origin.

Question 4

Hydrops US Findings

Answer 4

Fetal Ascites
Fetal Pleural Effusion
Pericardial Effusion (cardiomegaly)
Subcutaneous Edema

Question 5

Placentomegaly

Answer 5

Placental edema is a late sign in hydrops. US: thickened, echogenic, spongy, or ground glass. thickness more than 5 cm in 3rd TM.

Question 6

Rhogam

Answer 6

Removes RH positive fetal cells from the mother’s bloodstream before her body recognizes them and begins making antibodies. all mothers who are RH negative receive a shot of Rhogam around 28 weeks.

Question 7

Anasarca

Answer 7

generalized edema with accumulation of serum in subcutaneous connective tissue. goes with Nonimmune hydrops.

Question 8

Nonimmune Causes : Cardiovascular

Answer 8

Obstructive lesions (left or right heart hypoplasia, single ventricle).
Tumors (teratoma, rhabdomyoma)

Question 9

Nonimmune Causes: Neck/Thorax

Answer 9

Cystic hygroma

cylothorax/hydrothorax

Question 10

Nonimmune Causes: Gastrointestinal

Answer 10

Hepatic (cirrhosis, hepatitis, tumor, polycystic disease)

Bowel (duodenal, jejunal atresia)

Question 11

Nonimmunes Causes: Urinary Tract

Answer 11

Polycystic

Prune Belly Syndrome

Question 12

Nonimmunes Causes: Infections

Answer 12

cytomegalovirus

Question 13

Nonimmune Causes: Maternal

Answer 13

Severe Diabetes Mellitus
Severe Anemia
Severe hypoprotenemia
Indoemethacin use (premature closure of ductus anteriosus)

Question 14

Nonimmune Causes: Placental

Answer 14

Chorioangioma

Placental and umbilical vein thrombosis

Question 15

Diabetes

Answer 15

Increased risk for unexplained still-births. fetus increases production of insulin substantially in order to use this extra sugar. Fetus is overfed while in the uterus

Question 16

Diabetes

Answer 16

Polyhydramnios- seen in poor glucose control.
Fetus is usually bigger with large belly.
Caudal regression syndrome. (absence of sacral spine)