Hydrophilic Raw Materials -Humectants

Question 1

Glycerin

Answer 1

-discovered in 1779 from hydrolyzed olive oil
-alcohol propane-1,2,3-triol is clear. colorless, odorless, syrupy, and hygroscopic
-it is miscible in water, alcohol
-insoluble in ether and chloroform
-glycerin not only attract water but prevents crystallizartion

Question 2

Butylene glycol

Answer 2

-is usually means 1,3 butanediol
-clear and colorless
-is considered safe by the cosmetic ingredient
-reported to be less irritating of propylene glycol

Question 3

Propylene glycol

Answer 3

-colorless and clear
-clinical date shown skin irritation and sensitization reactions at concentration as low as 10%

Question 4

Sorbitol

Answer 4

-is an hexahydric alcohol, white crystalline powder, odorless, and fresh and sweet taste
-it occurs naturally in fruit and vegetable
- prepares commercial by the reduction of glucose
-commonly in aqueous solution; it is practically insoluble in organic solvent

Question 5

D-panthenol

Answer 5

-is a liquid alcohol clear, colorless, odorless, and hygroscopic
-it is miscible in water, alcohol, glycerol
-insoluble in fats and oils
-topically applied penetrates the skin and can accelerate the skin barrier and SC hydration
-has very low toxicity and is considered safe to use in cosmetics

Question 6

the substance that make up NMF: Natural Moisturizing factor

Answer 6

40% free amino acids
12% pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA)
12% lactates
7% Urea
2% lactic acid
minimal salts

Question 7

NMF: Natural Moisturizing factor

Answer 7

-the special blends of humectants found in the stratum corneum (SC)
-can make up about 10% of the dry weight of the SC cells

Question 8

Urea

Answer 8

-is a white crystalline powder, odorless, colorless
-soluble in water
-a physiological substance occurring in human tissues, the amount is of order 2% in urine

Question 9

PCA and salts if PCA

Answer 9

-PCA is the cosmetic ingredient terms used for the cyclic compound: 2-pyrrolidione 5 carboxylic acid
-the “L” form of the sodium sald is humectant in the SC at level about 12%

Question 10

Calcium Chloride (inorganic)

Answer 10

-are quite efficient
-fail badly on corrosion and compatibility
-they find limited use in cosmetic

Question 11

Sodium Lactate (metal-organic)

Answer 11

-which is greater hygroscopic power than glycerin
-however, it is incompatible with some raw materials has a pronounced taste and may discolor