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AREA 2 - CLSU > Hydrometeorology > Flashcards

Hydrometeorology Flashcards

CLSU- Part 2

1
Q

study of hydrologic cycle focusing on the interrelationship of its atmospheric and terrestrial phases

A

Hydrometeorology

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2
Q

an earth science that focuses on the distribution and occurrence of water on and under the earth’s surface

A

Hydrology

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3
Q

the vertical and horizontal movement of water as either vapor, liquid, or solid between the earth’s surface, subsurface, atmosphere, and oceans that occurs continuously in nature.

A

Hydrologic cycle (water cycle or water transfer cycle)

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4
Q

process whereby liquid water is converted to water vapour (vaporization) and removed from the evaporating surface such as adjacent soil

A

Evaporation

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5
Q

process of liquid water vaporization/ removal contained in plant tissues to the atmosphere through the stomata.

A

transpiration

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6
Q

process by which water vapor becomes a liquid (reverse of evaporation)

A

condensation

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7
Q

the fall of moisture from atmosphere to the earth’s surface in any form

A

precipitation

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8
Q

water flowing over the land making its way towards rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. as surface or subsurface flow.

A

runoff

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9
Q

process of filtration of water to the inner layers of soil based on its structure and nature

A

infiltration

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10
Q

vertical movement of water through the soil profile

A

percolation

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11
Q

flow of water under gravitational force thru permeable layers; lateral movement (MOVING SIDEWAYS) of water in the soil

A

seepage

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12
Q

can take different forms such as rain, snow, hail, and sleet

A

precipitation

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13
Q

some precipitations are also evaporated immediately without reaching the ground

A

virga

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14
Q

on the AVERAGE, water stays in the ATMOPSHERE to approximately ___ days before it returns to the ground.

A

9 days

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15
Q

water in RIVERS and STREAMS stays for approximately ___ months.

A

2-6 months

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16
Q

the residence time of water in LAKES and GLACIERS varies between ____ years.

A

20-100 years

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17
Q

the longest residence time of water are in OCEANS reaching to approximately ___ years and GROUNDWATER with residence time of up to ____ years.

A

3200 and 10,000 years

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18
Q

Earth’s water is distributed to __ % freshwater and __% saline water.

A

3 and 97

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19
Q

surface water is mostly stored in lakes comprising __% of surface water

A

87

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20
Q

also known as “water budget equation”

A

hydrologic budget equation

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21
Q

describes the quantities of water that goes thru the different processes in the hydrologic cycle in a given hydrologic system (e.g. watershed, lake, and reservoir) over a period of time

A

water budget equation

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22
Q

a structure or volume in space enclosed by a boundary that accepts water and other inputs, operates on them internally and produces them as output

A

hydrologic system

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23
Q

also known as “catchment area”, “drainage basin”, “river basin”, or “basin”

A

watershed

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24
Q

an area that topographically appears to contribute all the water that passes thru a specified cross section of a stream (the outlet)

A

watershed

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25
Q

or simply DIVIDE, the BOUNDARY LINE along topographic ridges that separates two adjacent watershed

A

watershed divide

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26
Q

typically defined by the highest elevation that drains a stream.

A

watershed divide/ divide

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27
Q

watershed is made up of

A

tributaries

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28
Q

a stream that flows into a larger stream or the other body of water.

A

tributary/ affluent

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29
Q

the first order stream called _____ are smallest streams at the outer limits of a watershed

A

head waters

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30
Q

a _____ or “outlet”, “measuring point” is located in a single point at which all surface drainage from a basin comes together or concentrates as outflow from the basin in the stream channel

A

concentration point

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31
Q

process or identifying and delineating the boundary or divide of a watershed

A

watershed delineation (delineation- describing or portraying)

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32
Q

the water storage of a watershed corresponds to its area, larger area has larger water storage and also larger runoff and streamflow

A

watershed area classification

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33
Q

( one of the watershed area classification) these watersheds have area <250 km^2

A

small watershed

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34
Q

( one of the watershed area classification) these watersheds have area ranging from 250 km^2- 2500 km^2

A

medium watershed

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35
Q

( one of the watershed area classification) these watersheds have area >2500 km^2

A

large watershed

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36
Q

watershed area classifications

A

small, medium, and large watersheds

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37
Q

water characteristics

A

drainage area
drainage basin length
basin slope
basin shape

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38
Q

factors that influences the ability of a watershed to store and discharge water. the runoff and hydrologic processes in the watershed are affected by these factors:

A

watershed characteristics

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39
Q

reflects the volume of water that can be generated from a rainfall.

A

drainage area

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40
Q

larger catchment are produces ____ runoff volume

A

larger runoff volume

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41
Q

the distance measured along the main channel from the watershed outlet to the basin divide.

A

drainage basin length

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42
Q

for small watershed, length (L in km) can be estimated using its area (A in km^2)

A

L= 1.312A^0.568

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43
Q

rate of change of elevation to the distance along the principal flow path

A

basin slope

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44
Q

_____ is an important factor in runoff as it determines the magnitude of streamflow. ____ watershed tends to produce faster peak flow compared to ___

A

slope, steeper, flat watershed

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45
Q

the shape of the basin reflects how runoff will be collected at the watershed outlet.

A

basin shape

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46
Q

_______ watershed tends to produce peak flows at short period of time unlike _____ watershed.

A

circular, elongated

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47
Q

portion of the precipitation that makes way towards stream channels, lakes, oceans as surface or subsurface flow.

A

runoff (excess precipitation)

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48
Q

refers to precipitation that does not reach the soil, intercepted by the leaves

A

interception

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49
Q

surface water that flows through creeks, streams, and rivers towards and outlet (e.g ocean) over a fixed period of time

A

streamflow

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50
Q

sources of streamflow

A

DIRECT PRECIPITATION
OVERLAND FLOWS
SURBSURFACE FLOW
BASEFLOW

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51
Q

on stream surfaces and its tributaries.

A

direct precipitation

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52
Q

also knows as “surface runoff”, thin sheet of water that flows over the land surface

A

overland flows

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53
Q

also known as INTERFLOW, infiltrated water that moves laterally in the vadose and then joins the streamflow

A

subsurface flow

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54
Q

also known as GROUNDWATER FLOW, flow of water in the groundwater that contributes to streamflow.

A

baseflow

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55
Q

refers to the height of water surface or stream level measured from an arbitrary datum (it can be the mean sea level)

A

stage or river stage

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56
Q

the equation the relates stage and discharge is called

A

rating curve

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57
Q

measured using staff gauges, wire gauges and float gauges.

A

river stage

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58
Q

measure the depth of the water. are graduated staff made of durable materials that are fixed rigidly to structure installed vertically into the cross section of a stream

A

staff gauges

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59
Q

gauges that measures the water level from above the surface such as bridges or other structure.

A

wire-weight gauges

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60
Q

a wire is suspended from a bridge and measure the height from the bridges to the water’s surface.

A

wire-weight gauges

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61
Q

automatic stage recorder. float movement fluctuates with change in stage and this is recorded by a chart.

A

float-gauge recorder

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62
Q

velocity-area method

A

streamflow measurement (Q=AV)

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63
Q

ways to measure the water velocity

A
  1. manning’s velocity equation
  2. velocity by float method.
  3. current meter method
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64
Q

only measures the surface water velocity

A

velocity by float method

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65
Q

area method that uses a device is called ___. it is more applicable to larger streams or rivers

A

current meter method

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66
Q

from experiments and experience, the average velocity is approximately equivalent to ____% of the surface velocity

A

80%

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67
Q

showing the rate of flow (discharge) vs time past a specific point. known as storm or flood hydrograph.

A

hydrograph

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68
Q

parts of a hydrograph

A
  1. rising limb
  2. crest segment
  3. falling limb
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69
Q

also called excess rainfall. amount of rainfall that becomes the DIRECT RUNOFF at the watershed outlet.

A

effective rainfall

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70
Q

graphical representation of the representation of the distribution of rainfall intensity over time.

A

hyetograph

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71
Q

factors affecting hydrograph are group into

A

physiographic and climatic factors

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72
Q

this influences the time for the most remote water in the watershed to arrive in the outlet (time of concentration)

A

watershed shape

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73
Q

larger size watershed will have larger catchment area.

A

watershed size

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74
Q

_____ determines the velocity of water flow in streams. STEEPER STREAMS will have a faster water depletion.

A

watershed slope

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75
Q

elastic reduction of water

A

water depletion

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76
Q

it is the ration of the total stream length to the are of the watershed.

A

watershed drainage density

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77
Q

_______ will result to faster depletion of water out of the watershed.

A

larger drainage density

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78
Q

urban, forest, agricultural etc., influences the hydrograph because of the different land covers.

A

land use

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79
Q

________ such as rainfall intensity, rainfall duration and direction of storm influences the hydrographs.

A

climatic factors.

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80
Q

time from the beginning of the rising limb to the occurrence of the peak discharge.

A

time to peak

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81
Q

the time required for water to travel from the most hydraulically remote point in the basin to the basin outlet.

A

time of concentration

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82
Q

time between the center of mass of the effective rainfall hyetograph and the center of mass of the direct runoff hydrograph

A

lag time

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83
Q

the duration of the direct runoff hydrograph

A

time base

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84
Q

a direct runoff hydrograph resulted from 1 unit of excess precipitation or rainfall (1cm or 1 inch) that occurs uniformly over a watershed over a specific time. 1 unit excess rainfall

A

unit hydrograph

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85
Q

these are water that fills the voids in a geologic stratum. a rechargeable resource widely distributed under the ground which can be used to supplement water supply in irrigation and other usage

A

groundwater

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86
Q

a water bearing geologic formation or stratum capable of transmitting water thru its spores at a rate SUFFICIENT for economic extraction by wells

A

aquifer

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87
Q

a geologic formation, which can absorb water but CANNOT TRANSMIT SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS

A

aquiclude

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88
Q

____ formations are example of aquiclude

A

clay

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89
Q

a geologic formation of rather impervious nature, which transmit water at a SLOW RATE compared to an aquifer

A

aquitard

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90
Q

INSUFFICIENT for pumping from wells. ______ formations are sandy clay (impermeable rock)

A

aquitard

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91
Q

a geologic formation with no interconnected pores and hence can neither absorb nor transmit water.

A

aquifuge

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92
Q

these are formations made of massive compact rocks without any fractures. NOT POROUS NOR PERMEABLE

A

aquifuge

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93
Q

also known as WATER TABLE AQUIFER, an aquifer just beneath the water table; a groundwater that is NOT CONFINED by a strata under pressure higher than atmospheric

A

unconfined aquifer

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94
Q

wells that are drilled into unconfined aquifer

A

water table wells

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95
Q

a special case of unconfined aquifer, occurs whenever a groundwater body is separated from the groundwater by a relatively impermeable stratum of small areal extent by the zone of aeration above the main body of groundwater

A

perched aquifer

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96
Q

“artesian aquifer” or “ pressure aquifer” occurs when groundwater is confined under pressure greater than atmospheric pressure by an overlying impermeable stratum.

A

confined aquifer

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97
Q

also known as “potentiometric surface” in confined aquifer it is an imaginary line that coincides with the hydrostatic pressure level of the water in the aquifer

A

piezometric surface

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98
Q

two kinds of wells drilled into an artesian aquifer

A
  1. flowing artesian well
  2. non flowing artesian well
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99
Q

also called as FREE FLOWING WELLS, wells that are drilled in areas where ground surface is lower than the piezometric surface. water rises above the ground

A

flowing artesian well

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100
Q

wells that are drilled in area where GROUND SURFACE is above the piezometric surface

A

non flowing artesian well

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101
Q

aquifers that are completely confined or unconfined occur less frequently than do leaky of semi-confined aquifers

A

leaky aquifers

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102
Q

aquifers that assumes the groundwater storage and flow to be homogeneous and isotropic.

A

idealized aquifer

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103
Q

assumes that all hydrological processes everywhere are identical

A

homogeneous aquifer

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104
Q

this aquifer properties are independent of directions.

A

isotropic aquifer

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105
Q

classifications of an aquifer

A
  1. unconfined aquifer
  2. confined aquifer
  3. leaky aquifer
  4. idealized aquifer
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106
Q

also known as “vadose zone”, layers where it is partially occupied by water and partially by air

A

zone of aeration

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107
Q

moisture in this zone is less than saturation except during rainfall occurrence or irrigation

A

soil-water zone

108
Q

water held tightly to the surface of the soil particle by adsorption forces

A

hygroscopic water

109
Q

water held by forces of surface tension and continuous film around soil particles

A

capillary water

110
Q

this zone connect the zone near the ground surface and zone near the water table

A

immediate vadose zone

111
Q

also known as “capillary fringe”, these zones extend from the water table to the capillary rise of water.

A

capillary zone

112
Q

commonly known as “groundwater”, also known as PHREATIC ZONE all layers are filled with water under hydrostatic pressure

A

zone of saturation

113
Q

measure the void spaces of soil and it is the ration of void spaces volume to the total volume of soil. values ranges from 0 to 1 can be expressed in percentage.

A

porosity

114
Q

in groundwater, _____ is a measure of water bearing capacity of the formation

A

porosity

115
Q

volume of water expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the SATURATED AQUIFER that will drain by gravity when the water table drops due to pumping or drainage

A

specific yield

116
Q

volume of water expressed as percentage of the total volume of saturate aquifer which WILL NOT DRAIN by gravity.

A

specific retention

117
Q

the volume of water given out by a unit prism of aquifer when the piezometric surface (confined aquifers) or the water table (unconfined aquifers) drops or rises by unit depth

A

storage coefficient

118
Q

states that “the velocity of flow in a porous medium is proportional to the hydraulic gradient”

A

Darcy’s Law

119
Q

coefficient of permeability is also known as

A

hydraulic conductivity

120
Q

slope of the water level/ piezometric level or simply the change in water level per unit distance along the direction of max head decrease

A

hydraulic gradient

121
Q

also known as “transmissivity”, flow capacity of an aquifer per unit width under unit hydraulic gradient and is equal to the product of permeability time the saturated thickness of the aquifer.

A

transmissibility

122
Q

Darcy’s law is valid for laminar flow with reynolds number (Rc) of _____ or equal to unity (1). It is also not applicable to laminar flow with Rc _____ unity.

A

less than, greater than

123
Q

the flow does not change over time

A

steady flow

124
Q

reduction of hydraulic head or the distance at which the water level is lowered

A

drawdown

125
Q

also known as DRAWDOWN CONE, shows the variation of drawdown with distance from the well. cone of the depression describes the shape of the_____

A

drawdown cruve

126
Q

pertain to the are from the outer limit of the cone of depression (zero drawdown) to the well

A

area of influence of a well

127
Q

______ of a well is the discharge per unit drawdown in the well. measure of effectiveness of the well

A

specific capacity

128
Q

well that is usually dug up to 7 meters is called

A

shallow well

129
Q

a well that is dug more than 7 meters are called

A

deep wells

130
Q

the overall instantaneous condition of the atmosphere at a certain place and time;

A

weather

131
Q

______ refers to the state of the atmosphere for a given place over time; average of many years of weather observation _______ years

A

climate, 30 years

132
Q

it is a short term, limited area, can change rapidly, and difficult to predict

A

weather

133
Q

it is a long-term, wide area, seasonal changes, and measures over long spans of time

A

climate

134
Q

a relatively thin, gaseous envelope that comprises mostly nitrogen and oxygen with small amounts of other gases, such as water vapor and carbon dioxide

A

atmosphere

135
Q

rate of decrease in temperature along the vertical

A

lapse rate

136
Q

the lower most (12-18 km) of the atmosphere and it is where all weather occurs; temp decreases with altitude at a rate of about 6.5 deg km

A

troposphere

137
Q

about 12-50 km, layer where temperature inversion occurs (temperature increase with height)

A

stratosphere

138
Q

the location of the ozone layer which causes the inversion

A

stratosphere

139
Q

_____ absorbs ultra violet rays which lead to warming

A

ozone

140
Q

the air at this level is extremely thin (50-80km) and the atmospheric pressure is quite low, averaging about 1 milibar (mB)

A

mesosphere

141
Q

no well-defined upper limit and the “hot layer” above mesosphere (90-700 km); fraction of atmosphere’s mass is contained in this region; gases moving at high speeds

A

thermosphere

142
Q

any form of water particles- liquid or solid that falls from the atmosphere and reaches the ground

A

precipitatiio

143
Q

term use for precipitation that are less than 0.1 mm

A

trace

144
Q

the average value of rainfall at a particular date month or year over a specified 30-year period. the 30 yr normal are recomputed every decade.

A

normal rainfall

145
Q

a light steady rain in fine drops that are < 0.5 mm in size and intensity of < 1 mm/hr

A

drizzle

145
Q

the condensed water vapor of the atmosphere falling in drops that are >0.5 mm in size (maximum size 6 mm) from the clouds.

A

rain

146
Q

ice crystals resulting from sublimation (i.e. water vapor condenses to ice

A

snow

146
Q

freezing of drizzle or rain when they come in contact with cold objects

A

glaze

147
Q

frozen ran drops while falling thru air at subfreezing temp

A

sleet

147
Q

ice crystals fused together

A

snowflakes

148
Q

small lumps of ice (>5mm in diameter) formed by alternate freezing and melting, when they are carried up and down in highly turbulent air currents.

A

hail

149
Q

moisture condensed from the atmosphere in small drops upon cool surfaces

A

dew

150
Q

a feathery deposit of ice formed on the ground or on the surface of exposed objects by dew or water vapor that has frozen

A

frost

151
Q

a thin cloud of varying size formed at the surface of the earth by condensation of atmospheric vapor (interfering with visibility)

A

fog

152
Q

a very thin fog

A

mist

153
Q

forms of precipitation

A

drizzle, rain, glaze, sleet, snow, snowflakes, hail, dew, frost, fog, mist

154
Q

types of precipitation

A
  1. convectional precipitation
  2. frontal precipitation
  3. orographic precipitation
  4. cyclonic precipitation
155
Q

type of precipitation in the form of local thunderstorm. air on the earth’s surface is heated causing them to rise forming thunder storms

A

convectional precipitation

156
Q

type of precipitation in the form of fronts.

A

frontal precipitation

157
Q

____ are the boundary between two different air masses.

A

fronts

158
Q

this occurs when cold air mass advances towards a warm air mass

A

cold front

159
Q

this occurs when warm air mass move towards cold air mass

A

warm front

160
Q

this occurs when cold front overtake a warm front

A

occluded front

161
Q

this occurs when neither cold and warm air masses advances

A

stationary front

162
Q

type of precipitation that is caused by orographic lifting

A

orographic precipitation

163
Q

caused by a barrier e.g., mountain range

A

orographic lifting

164
Q

type of precipitation that is caused by air converging into a low-pressure area e.g., cyclones

A

cyclonic precipitation

165
Q

process of producing precipitation by liquid particles (cloud droplets and raindrops) thru colliding and joining (coalescing), occurs in warm clouds

A

collision-coalescence process

166
Q

process of rain formation is extremely important in middle and high latitudes, where clouds extend upward into regions where the air temp is well below freezing

A

ice crystal (bergeron) process

167
Q

any instrument designed to measure rain amount; it includes recording, non-recording, and rain-intensity gauges.

A

rain-gauge

168
Q

instrument that automatically records the amount of precipitation collected as a function of time.

A

recording rain-gauge

169
Q

a recording rain gauge in which the water collected continuously drains thru a funnel into one of a pair of chambers or buckets that are balanced stably on a horizontal axis.

A

tipping-bucket rain gauge

170
Q

a recording rain gauge in which the weight of water collected is measured as a function of time and converted to rainfall depth

A

weighing rain gauge

171
Q

a probe consisting of a stainless-steel rod covered by a teflon sheath set inside a cylindrical rainwater collector

A

capacitance rain gauge

172
Q

a gauge that measures the scintillation in an optical beam produced by raindrops falling between light source and an optical receiver.

A

optical rain gauge

173
Q

MANUAL GAUGES, any member of the class of rain gauges in which rain amount as a function of time is not automatically recorded.

A

non-recording rain gauge

174
Q

a non -recording cylindrical rain gauge with a collector diameter of 20.3 cm (8in)

A

eight-inch rain gauge

175
Q

also called RAIN-RATE GAUGE, RATE OF RAINFALL GAUGE, an instrument that measures the rate at which is falling

A

rain-intensity gauge

176
Q

also called MICROPLUVIOMETER, a rain gauge capable of measuring very small amounts of precipitation, amounts that are less than could be measured by an ordinary rain gauge

A

ombrometer

177
Q

measure of the degree of hotness and coldness of air. measured by a a thermometer. measures of the average speed/ motion of molecules, faster motion corresponds to higher temperature

A

air temperature

178
Q

an instrument for measuring temp by utilizing the variation of the physical properties of substances accdng to their thermal states

A

thermometer

179
Q

a thermometer that utilizes the thermal properties of gas

A

gas thermometer

180
Q

a thermometer in which the thermally sensitive element is a liquid contained in a graduated glass envelope

A

liquid-in-glass thermometer

181
Q

a thermometer using transducing elements that deform with temperature

A

deformation thermometer

182
Q

a thermometer that uses a transducing element with electrical properties that a re a function of its thermal state.

A

electrical thermometer

183
Q

a thermometer in which the thermally sensitive element is a liquid contained in a metal envelope, frequently in the form of a bourdon tube

A

liquid-in-metal thermometer

184
Q

a thermometer based on the principle that the velocity of a sound wave is a function of the virtual temperature of the medium through which it passes

A

sonic thermometer

185
Q

a self-recording thermometer

A

thermograph

186
Q

the temp at which saturation occurs

A

dewpoint temperature

187
Q

the air temp measured by the dry bulb thermometer of a psychrometer

A

dry-bulb temperature

188
Q

the lowest temperature that can be obtained by evaporating water into the air

A

wet-bulb temperature

189
Q

the difference in degrees between the air temperature (dry bulb temp) and the _______

A

wet-bulb temperature

190
Q

also called BAROMETRIC PRESSURE. pressure (force exerted per unit area) exerted by the atmosphere as a consequence of gravitational attraction exerted upon the “column” of air lying directly above the point in question

A

atmospheric pressure

191
Q

an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure.

A

barometer

192
Q

formerly “torricelli’s tube”, a glass manometer, employing mercury in its vertical column, that is used to measure atmospheric pressure

A

mercury barometer

193
Q

sometimes called “holosteric barometer”

A

aneroid barometer

194
Q

special type of aneroid barometer that converts pressure to altitude.

A

pressure altimeter

195
Q

a recording barometer

A

barograph

196
Q

standard atmospheric pressure

A

101.325 millibar/ 1 atm/ 101.325 kPa

197
Q

the moisture in the air (air’s water vapor content)

A

humidity

198
Q

humidity is express as

A
  1. absolute humidity
  2. specific humidity
  3. mixing ratio
  4. relative humidity
199
Q

tells us the mass of water vapor in a fixed volume of air, or the water vapor density

A

absolute humidity

200
Q

the mass of the water vapor in the air parcel over the mass of all the air in the parcel (including vapor)

A

specific humidity

201
Q

the mass of the water vapor in the parcel over the mass of the remaining dry air

A

relative humidity

202
Q

the ratio of the amount of water vapor actually in the air to the max amount of water vapor required for saturation at that particular temp (and pressure)

A

relative humidity

203
Q

any instrument that measures the water vapor content of the atmosphere

A

hygrometer

204
Q

uses the thermodynamic method. made of 2 thermometers; the dry bulb and wet bulb

A

psychrometer

205
Q

an ordinary glass thermometer of psychrometer

A

dry bulb

206
Q

has its bulb covered with a jacket of clean muslin that is saturates with distilled water prior to an observation (psychrometer)

A

wet bulb

207
Q

hair hygrometer, torsion hygrometer, goldbeater’s-skin hygrometer; it is an example of:

A

class of instruments that depends upon a change of physical dimensions due to the absorption of moisture

208
Q

dewpoint hygrometer, frost point hygrometer are an example of

A

class of instruments that depend upon condensation of moisture

209
Q

one of the type of hygrometers that is example is diffusion hydrometer

A

class of instruments that depend upon the diffusion hygrometer

210
Q

one of the type of hygrometers that its example is spectral hydrometer

A

class of instruments that depend upon measurements of the absorption spectra of water vapor

211
Q

air in motion relative to Earth’s surface. it is the workhorse of weather, moving storms and large fair-weather systems around the globe.

A

wind

212
Q

an instrument use to measure wind speed and diirection

A

anemometer

213
Q

surface breeze that flows from the land toward water bodies

A

land breeze

214
Q

surface breeze that flows from the see toward the land

A

sea breeze

215
Q

the heated air, being less dense than the air of the same altitude above the valley, rises as a gentle upslope wind

A

valley breeze

216
Q

Northeast monsoon, late october to april

A

amihan season

216
Q

the cooler, more dense air glides downslope into the valley

A

mountain breeze

217
Q

a seasonal change in wind direction caused by a change in the dominant atmospheric pressure pattern

A

monsoon

217
Q

visible aggregate of tiny water water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air.

A

clouds

217
Q

southwest monsoon, May or early June to September

A

Habagat season

218
Q

condensation occurs thru the presence of condensation_____

A

nuclei

219
Q

max distance at which an observer can see and identify and object lying close to the horizontal plane on which he or she is standing (THE GREATEST DISTANCE)

A

horizontal visibility

219
Q

______ occurs when the temperature is way below dew point temperature and the relative humidity is several hundred percent (400%)

A

condensation

220
Q

serve as surfaces on which water vapor can condense

A

condensation nuclei

221
Q

are WATER SEEKING and water vapor rapidly condenses on their surfaces

A

hygroscopic nuclei

222
Q

are WATER REPELLING and resist condensation (oils, gasoline, and paraffin waxes)

A

hydrophobic nuclei

223
Q

known as thunder storm clouds (large rainfall droplets). rainfall occurs for 2-3 hrs

A

cumulonimbus

224
Q

dark gray, WET-looking cloud layers with more or less continuously falling rain or snow, can last for many hours(less intense, small rain drops)

A

nimbostratUs clouds

225
Q

RADIANT ENERGY or radiation, total electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun (1353 kW/m2)

A

solar radiation

226
Q

solar-rad that has not been scattered or absorbed (1000kW/m2)

A

direct solar radiation

227
Q

solar rad, direct and diffuse, received from a solid angle of 2pi steradians on a horizontal surface

A

global radiation

228
Q

solar rad that is scattered at least once before it reaches the surface

A

diffuse sky radiation

229
Q

gen name for any instrument used to measure the intensity of radiant energy, ex. sun

A

actinometer

230
Q

measures the intensity of direct solar rad

A

pyrheliometer

231
Q
A
232
Q

measures global rad (combined intensity of direct solar rad and diffuse sky rad)

A

pyranometer

233
Q

measures the effective terrestrial rad

A

pyrgeometer

234
Q

type of actinometer, instrument that measure the intensity of radiant energy by employing a thermally sensitive electrical resistor

A

bolometer

235
Q

instrument for measuring the ultraviolet in solar and sky rad

A

dosimeter

236
Q

instrument for measuring the luminance, luminous intensity, or illuminance of a light source

A

photomoter

237
Q

instrument that measures radiated electromagnetic power

A

radiometer

238
Q

called CONSUMPTIVE USE, total water lost from a cropped (or irrigated) land dur to evaporation from the soil and transpiration by the plants or used by the plants in building up of plant tissue

A

evapotranspiration

239
Q

loss of water from the adjacent soil, water surfaces and leaf surfaces

A

evaporation

240
Q

water loss from the water entering the plant roots and out to the atmosphere

A

transpiration

241
Q

also called potential ET, represented by the evapotranspiration from a standardized vegetated surface or reference surface

A

reference crop evapotranspiration

242
Q

evapotranspiration from disease-free, well-fertilized crops, grown in large fields, under optimum soil water conditions and achieving full production under the given climatic conditions

A

crop evapotranspiration under standard condition

243
Q

evapotranspiration from actual field condition. accounts all factors such as environment, weather and crop

A

crop evapotranspiration under non-standard conditions

244
Q

station gathers and provides on routine basis simultaneous meteorological and biological formation

A

agrometeorological station

245
Q

station where observation of almost all meteorological elements is made at fixed observation times and are transmitted to the central office

A

surface synoptic station

245
Q

also known as EVAPORIMETER, EVAPORATION GAUGE, ATMIDOMETER, general name for an instrument that measure the evaporation rate of water into the atmosphere

A

atometer

246
Q

station that observes meteorological and hydrological elements

A

hydrometeorological station

247
Q

2.5-7.5 mm in hr and in next 2 hrs, FLOODING is STILL POSSIBLE in certain areas

A

moderate rainfall

247
Q

less than 2.5 mm observed in 1 hr to next 2 hrs, FLOODING is STILL POSSIBLE in certain areas

A

light rainfall

248
Q

7.5-15 mm WITHIN 1 hr. FLOODING is STILL POSSIBLE in low lying areas and near river channels

A

heavy rainfall (yellow rainfall warning)

249
Q

15-30mm WITHIN 1 hr, FLOODING is THREATENING in low-lying areas and near river channels

A

intense rainfall (orange rainfall warning)

250
Q

> 30mm WITHIN 1 HR or >65mm for the past 3 hrs, SEVERE FLOODING is expected, take necessary precautionary measures

A

torrential rainfall (red rainfall warning)

251
Q

measured at 10 METER above the ground average over 10 MINUTE duration

A

maximum sustain wind

252
Q

wind speed measured at 10 METERS above the ground over 3-5 SECONDS

A

gust wind

253
Q

involves the collection and analysis of annual maxima of parameters that are observed daily (temp, precipitation and wind speed)

A

extreme value frequency analysis

254
Q

series of extreme events each yr (e.g., daily max rainfall)

A

annual maximum series

255
Q

all values above a given base are chosen regardless of the number within a given period.

A

partial duration series

256
Q

RECURRENCE INTERVAL, average number of years necessary for the event to occur once, in any given year

A

return period

AREA 2 - CLSU (4 decks)

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