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Environmental Science 111 > Hydrology > Flashcards

Hydrology Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do people use hydrology?

A

To use resources more sustainably. The cycle is linked to many other processes. It is fast compared to most other cycles.

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2
Q

What are the four elements of the watershed scale?

A

Where does water go? How long does it stay there? What is its flow path? What does it pick up along the way?

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3
Q

What percentage of water is fresh?

A

2.6%

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4
Q

What are some key properties of water?

A

High heat capacity. Absorb infrared and ultraviolet light

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5
Q

What is a sensible heat transfer?

A

Measurable. Temperature measurement

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6
Q

What is latent heat transfer?

A

The energy needed to heat molecules

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7
Q

Which front produces ppt faster?

A

Cold front

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8
Q

What is the spatial interpolation?

A

The space in between measuring devices

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9
Q

What are the two factors affecting evapotranspiration?

A

Energy required to supply latent heat

Capacity to transport

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10
Q

What is Potential evapotranspiration?

A

The ability of the atmosphere to move water

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11
Q

What is the actual evapotranspiration?

A

Quantity of water actually being moved

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12
Q

What is the water budget equation?

A

Flow = rain - evaporation +/- water storage change

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13
Q

What two elements are important in the sub service?

A

Gravity and pressure

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14
Q

What type of material is more porous?

A

Material with small grain sizes

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15
Q

What are two elements which determine a materials percolation rate?

A

Connectivity and Porosity

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16
Q

What are Darcys three laws?

A
  1. Water flow depends on the length and width of a river bed
  2. If you raise the energy of water then the water flow increases
  3. Materials determine water flow
17
Q

What is quick flow and base flow?

A

Quick flow: water run-off that quickly enters the water

Base flow: water that enters slowly, it maintains the stream flow over time from the groundwater into the stream

18
Q

What are the two reasons for overland flow?

A

Infiltration is exceeded: Hontonian overland flow

Saturation is exceeded: Saturated overland flow

19
Q

What is through flow?

A

Water that has infiltrated the surface

20
Q

What factors determine how fast a river flows?

A

Gravity, turbulence, pressure gradient

21
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Force at a point related to the weight of the water and the atmosphere directly above it

22
Q

What form are substances in the aqueous phase?

A

Solutes - liquids

23
Q

What factors affect how a particle forms?

A

Temp, PH, Ion charge, Composition

24
Q

What is tracer contaminant?

A

Very soluble movement in the water

25
Q

What is highly sorbed and what process does it create?

A

Particles that stick to soils. Retardation

26
Q

What is advection?

A

Movement of chemical mass with flowing water

27
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Particles which try to come to equilibrium. High conc to low conc

28
Q

What is hypodynamic equilibrium?

A

The smoothing effect caused by velocity variations

29
Q

What happens when groundwater evolves over time?

A

TDS changes, Ratio of major ions changes, Oxygen is depleted, Reduction occurs - Timing is variable

30
Q

What is the water quality?

A

Balance of nutrients

31
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

A process where lakes ago and become more productive - more algae blooms

32
Q

What is Anthropogenic eutrophication?

A

Water pollution caused by excessive plant nutrients entering a lake

33
Q

What are nutrients of concern in our waterways?

A

Nitrate, Phosphorous, Carbon

34
Q

What are some contaminants of NZ waterways?

A

Pesticides, Heavy metals, organsims

35
Q

What is point source pollution?

A

Direct pollution into rivers

36
Q

What percentage of NZ waterways are impacted by humans?

A

42%

Environmental Science 111 (10 decks)

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