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gel 001 > hydrologic cycle, groundwater, rivers > Flashcards

hydrologic cycle, groundwater, rivers Flashcards

1
Q

Agricultural Water Use

A

Water mainly used for irrigation in farming.

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2
Q

Alluvial Fans

A

Develop where high-gradient streams exit narrow valleys.

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3
Q

Alluvium

A

Material deposited in river valleys.

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4
Q

Aquifers

A

Units capable of yielding significant water quantities.

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5
Q

Aquitards

A

Geological units that hinder groundwater movement.

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6
Q

Artesian Well

A

Well where groundwater rises under pressure.

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7
Q

Artificial Recharge

A

Methods to enhance groundwater recharge artificially.

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8
Q

Bioremediation

A

Using bacteria to clean contaminated groundwater.

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9
Q

Capacity

A

Maximum load a stream can carry.

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10
Q

Capillary Fringe

A

Zone where water rises through capillary action.

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11
Q

Channel Modifications

A

Alterations that can cause downstream flooding.

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12
Q

Collection System

A

Mainly erosion occurring in stream headwaters.

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13
Q

Competence

A

Maximum particle size a stream can transport.

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14
Q

Condensation

A

Process where water vapor cools and forms liquid.

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15
Q

Cone of Depression

A

Lowering of water table around a pumped well.

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16
Q

Confined Aquifer

A

Aquifer trapped between impermeable layers.

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17
Q

Contaminant Plume

A

Concentration of pollutants spreading from a source.

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18
Q

Continental Divide

A

Geographical boundary separating water flow to oceans.

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19
Q

Crest

A

Maximum stage reached during a flood.

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20
Q

Deltas

A

Form where streams enter oceans or lakes.

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21
Q

Deposition

A

Process where sediments settle out of water flow.

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22
Q

Desalination

A

Process of removing salt from seawater.

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23
Q

Discharge Formula

A

Q = cross-sectional area (WxD) x velocity.

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24
Q

Distribution System

A

Effective disposal of materials carried by stream.

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25
Q

Drainage Basin

A

Land area supplying water to a specific stream.

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26
Q

Drainage Divide

A

Boundary separating different drainage basins.

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27
Q

Ephemeral Streams

A

Streams that flow only during certain seasons or events.

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28
Q

Erosion

A

Process of soil and rock being removed by water flow.

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29
Q

Erosional Features

A

Includes pot holes and cutbanks.

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30
Q

Evaporation

A

Process where water transforms from liquid to vapor.

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31
Q

Flood Causes

A

Result from natural and human-induced factors.

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32
Q

Flood Stage

A

Stream level exceeds bank height.

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33
Q

Flooding

A

Overflow of water onto normally dry land, causing hazards.

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34
Q

Floodplain Deposits

A

Sediments deposited during flooding events.

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35
Q

Flowing Artesian Well

A

Pressure surface above ground level.

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36
Q

Fresh Water

A

Limited water resource primarily found in ice and groundwater.

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37
Q

Geysers

A

Intermittent hot springs that erupt with force.

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38
Q

Gravity

A

Driving force behind stream flow.

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39
Q

Groundwater

A

Water within the pores of soil and rock.

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40
Q

Groundwater Depletion

A

Withdrawal rate exceeds natural replenishment rate.

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41
Q

Groundwater Flow

A

Movement of groundwater influenced by pressure gradients.

42
Q

Groundwater Overabundance

A

Excess groundwater leading to slope failures.

43
Q

Groundwater Pollution

A

Introduction of harmful substances into groundwater.

44
Q

Groundwater Recharge

A

Process of replenishing groundwater supplies.

45
Q

Groundwater Withdrawal

A

Extraction of groundwater for various uses.

46
Q

Hard Water

A

Water with high calcium and magnesium content.

47
Q

Hot Springs

A

Water 6-9°C warmer than local air temperature.

48
Q

Hydraulic Head

A

Potential energy of groundwater in an aquifer.

49
Q

Hydrologic Cycle

A

Circulation of Earth’s water supply through various processes.

50
Q

Industrial Water Use

A

Water primarily consumed by manufacturing processes.

51
Q

Infiltration

A

Process of water entering the soil from the surface.

52
Q

Infiltration Capacity

A

Soil’s ability to absorb water, influenced by conditions.

53
Q

Karst Aquifers

A

Aquifers formed by acidic groundwater dissolving rock.

54
Q

Monitoring Floods

A

Forecasting and estimating peak discharge.

55
Q

Natural Levees

A

Formed by successive floods along stream channels.

56
Q

Nonflowing Artesian Well

A

Pressure surface below ground level.

57
Q

Overland Flow

A

Water flow over land surface influenced by various factors.

58
Q

Pavement Impact

A

Reduces water infiltration into groundwater systems.

59
Q

Perched Water Table

A

Groundwater trapped above a discontinuous aquitard.

60
Q

Percolation

A

Movement of water through soil layers to groundwater.

61
Q

Permanent Streams

A

Streams that flow continuously throughout the year.

62
Q

Permeable Aquifers

A

Aquifers allowing easy water flow and contamination.

63
Q

Porosity

A

Percentage of rock volume that consists of pore spaces.

64
Q

Porosity Formula

A

Porosity = (voids / total volume) x 100%.

65
Q

Precipitation

A

Water released from clouds as rain, snow, etc.

66
Q

Recharge Basins

A

Constructed areas for groundwater replenishment.

67
Q

Recycling Water

A

Reusing water to reduce demand and waste.

68
Q

Response to Flood Hazard

A

Includes structural and nonstructural approaches.

69
Q

Retention Pond

A

Used for flood control and water management.

70
Q

Runoff

A

Water that flows over land into streams and rivers.

71
Q

Saltwater Intrusion

A

Contamination of freshwater by seawater in wells.

72
Q

Sediment Deposition

A

Occurs when stream velocity decreases.

73
Q

Sheet Wash

A

Thin layer of water flowing over land, causing erosion.

74
Q

Sinkholes

A

Depressions formed by the collapse of ground.

75
Q

Soil Texture

A

Composition of soil affecting water retention and flow.

76
Q

Solar-Powered Distillation

A

Energy-efficient method for desalinating water.

77
Q

Springs

A

Natural discharge points where groundwater flows to surface.

78
Q

Stream Discharge (Q)

A

Volume of water passing a point over time.

79
Q

Stream Erosion

A

Lifting particles through abrasion and dissolution.

80
Q

Stream Hazards

A

Includes erosion and flooding risks.

81
Q

Stream Load

A

Material transported by the stream.

82
Q

Stream Velocity

A

Speed of water flow affecting work done.

83
Q

Stream Work

A

Energy used for erosion, transportation, and deposition.

84
Q

Subsidence

A

Land surface sinking due to groundwater withdrawal.

85
Q

Surface Water Infiltration

A

Process of surface water entering groundwater.

86
Q

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

A

Sum of dissolved solid chemicals in water.

87
Q

Transpiration

A

Release of water vapor from plants into the atmosphere.

88
Q

Transportation

A

Movement of sediments by running water in streams.

89
Q

Transportation System

A

Effective transport of materials within the stream.

90
Q

Types of Load

A

Includes dissolved, suspended, and bed load.

91
Q

Types of Pore Spaces

A

Includes spaces between grains, fractures, vesicles.

92
Q

Unconfined Aquifer

A

Aquifer with no overlying impermeable layer.

93
Q

Unsaturated Zone

A

Region above the water table with air-filled pores.

94
Q

Vegetative Cover

A

Plants covering soil, impacting water infiltration and erosion.

95
Q

Water Conservation

A

Practices to reduce water use and waste.

96
Q

Water Management Strategies

A

Approaches to optimize water use and supply.

97
Q

Water Quality

A

Assessment of water’s chemical and physical characteristics.

98
Q

Water Scarcity

A

Annual water supply below 1000 m³ per capita.

99
Q

Water Stress

A

Annual water supply between 1000 m³ to 2000 m³.

100
Q

Water Table

A

Boundary between saturated and unsaturated zones.

101
Q

Zone of Saturation

A

Area where all pore spaces are filled with water.

gel 001 (2 decks)

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