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gel 001 > glaciers, deserts, and climate change > Flashcards

glaciers, deserts, and climate change Flashcards

1
Q

Abrasion

A

Smoothing of surfaces by rock particles in ice.

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2
Q

Alluvial Fan

A

Fan-shaped deposit formed by sediment from streams.

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3
Q

Alpine glacier

A

Glacier formed in mountainous regions.

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4
Q

Antarctic ice sheet

A

Contains 80% of the world’s ice.

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5
Q

Bajada

A

Merged alluvial fans forming a larger deposit.

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6
Q

Basal slip

A

Glacier sliding over the ground beneath it.

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7
Q

Biological productivity

A

Rate of generation of biomass in ecosystems.

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8
Q

Calving

A

Breaking off of ice chunks from glaciers.

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9
Q

Climate

A

Long-term atmospheric conditions in a region.

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10
Q

Climate proxies

A

Indicators used to infer past climate conditions.

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11
Q

Climatic changes

A

Alterations in climate due to glacial activity.

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12
Q

Crustal rebound

A

Uplift of Earth’s crust after ice removal.

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13
Q

Deflation

A

Erosion process removing loose material from surface.

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14
Q

Desert

A

Arid climate with less than 30% rainfall.

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15
Q

Desertification

A

Transformation of land into desert-like conditions.

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16
Q

Drumlin field

A

Cluster of drumlins indicating glacier movement.

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17
Q

Drumlins

A

Smooth, elongated hills formed by glacial till.

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18
Q

Dry Regions

A

Cover 34% of Earth’s land surface.

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19
Q

Dunes

A

Mounds of sand shaped by wind action.

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20
Q

Dust Storm

A

Strong winds lifting dust over large areas.

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21
Q

Eccentricity

A

Shape of Earth’s orbit varies over time.

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22
Q

El Niño

A

Cyclic climate pattern affecting global weather.

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23
Q

Ephemeral Streams

A

Desert streams that flow only during rain.

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24
Q

Erratics

A

Large rocks transported and deposited by glaciers.

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25
Q

Eskers

A

Winding ridges formed by subglacial meltwater.

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26
Q

Freshwater source

A

Glaciers store 75% of Earth’s fresh water.

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27
Q

Glacial budget

A

Balance between glacier accumulation and loss.

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28
Q

Glacial erosion

A

Wearing away of land by moving glaciers.

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29
Q

Glacial erratics

A

Large boulders transported by glaciers.

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30
Q

Glacial striations

A

Grooves carved into bedrock by glacier movement.

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31
Q

Glacial trough

A

U-shaped valley formed by glacial erosion.

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32
Q

Glacier

A

Thick ice mass formed from accumulated snow.

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33
Q

Global Warming

A

Increase in Earth’s average temperature.

34
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

Trapping of heat by atmospheric gases.

35
Q

Hanging valley

A

Valley formed by glacial erosion, elevated above main valley.

36
Q

Hydrologic cycle

A

Movement of water through evaporation and precipitation.

37
Q

Ice Age

A

Period of extensive glaciation, 2-3 million years ago.

38
Q

Ice Ages

A

Periods of extensive glaciation on Earth.

39
Q

Ice cap

A

Thick ice covering upland plateaus.

40
Q

Ice sheet

A

Massive glacier covering extensive land area.

41
Q

Ice volume

A

Total amount of ice present in glaciers.

42
Q

Ice-contact deposits

A

Sediments deposited by meltwater at ice margins.

43
Q

Inselberg

A

Isolated hill or mountain in a desert.

44
Q

Kame terraces

A

Terraces formed alongside ice-contact deposits.

45
Q

Kames

A

Mound-like hills formed by glacial meltwater.

46
Q

Kettles

A

Depressions formed by melting ice blocks.

47
Q

La Niña

A

Opposite phase of El Niño climate pattern.

48
Q

Last Glacial Maximum

A

Occurred approximately 20,000 years ago.

49
Q

Loess

A

Windblown silt forming fertile soil deposits.

50
Q

Milankovitch Hypothesis

A

Earth’s orbital variations influence climate changes.

51
Q

Moraines

A

Ridges of till deposited by glaciers.

52
Q

Nebraskan glaciation

A

Earliest recognized glacial stage in North America.

53
Q

Obliquity

A

Angle of Earth’s axis changes periodically.

54
Q

Outwash plains

A

Flat areas formed by meltwater from glaciers.

55
Q

Oxygen Isotopes

A

Used to study past climate conditions.

56
Q

Pacific Decadal Oscillation

A

Temperature fluctuations over 20-30 year cycles.

57
Q

Plastic flow

A

Movement of ice within a glacier under pressure.

58
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

Movement of Earth’s plates affecting climate.

59
Q

Playa

A

Dry lakebed in desert regions.

60
Q

Pleistocene epoch

A

Geological time frame of major glacial stages.

61
Q

Pleistocene Epoch

A

Period characterized by glacial and interglacial stages.

62
Q

Plucking

A

Lifting and removal of bedrock by ice.

63
Q

Pluvial lakes

A

Lakes formed from increased precipitation during glaciation.

64
Q

Precession

A

Wobble of Earth’s axis affecting climate.

65
Q

Rainshadow Desert

A

Desert formed by mountains blocking precipitation.

66
Q

Roche moutonnee

A

Rock formations shaped by glacial movement.

67
Q

Saltation

A

Bouncing movement of sand particles by wind.

68
Q

Sea level rise

A

Melting ice could raise sea levels by 60-70m.

69
Q

Sedimentation rate

A

Speed at which sediment accumulates over time.

70
Q

Solar insolation

A

Amount of solar energy received by Earth.

71
Q

Solar radiation

A

Energy emitted by the sun affecting climate.

72
Q

Steppe

A

Semiarid climate covering about 4% of land.

73
Q

Terminal moraine

A

Moraine marking the furthest advance of a glacier.

74
Q

Till

A

Unsorted glacial sediment deposited directly by ice.

75
Q

Valley trains

A

Deposits of stratified drift in valleys.

76
Q

Ventifacts

A

Stones shaped by wind abrasion.

77
Q

Volcanic Eruptions

A

Can block solar radiation and affect climate.

78
Q

Volcanism

A

Volcanic activity can induce cooling effects.

79
Q

Zone of accumulation

A

Area where a glacier gains mass from snowfall.

80
Q

Zone of wastage

A

Area where a glacier loses mass through melting.

gel 001 (2 decks)

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