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CSE > Hydrogeology and Environmental > Flashcards

Hydrogeology and Environmental Flashcards

1
Q

Adsorbtion

A

The attraction and adhesion of ions or molecules in solution onto the surface of a solid.

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2
Q

Advection

A

Transportation of solutes in groundwater

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3
Q

Aquifer

A

A geologic unit saturated with groundwater and sufficiently permeable to transmit economically significant quantities of groundwater to springs or wells.

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4
Q

Aquitard

A

A geologic layer that is less permeable but does not stop the flow of groundwater

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5
Q

Area of Infuence

A

The area in which the potentiometric surface is affected by withdrawal or injections

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6
Q

Artesian Aquifer

A

Groundwater in a confined aquifer that has a higher head than the top of the aquifer.

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7
Q

Base Flow

A

The amount of stream flow attributed to groundwater inflow.

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8
Q

Capillary Fringe

A

The lowest part of the vadose zone immediately above the water table. Water is under less than atmospheric pressure.

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9
Q

Cone of Depression

A

A cone shaped depression resulting from the drawdown of groundwater from withdrawal.

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10
Q

Confined Aquifer

A

An aquifer with an overlying confining layer of low permeability.

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11
Q

Darcy

A

Unit of intrinsic permeability = 9.8x10^-9 cm^2

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12
Q

Darcy’s Law

A

An equation describing groundwater flow Q=KiA; where Q = Discharge in length cubed over time, K = hydraulic conductivity in units of length over time, i = hydraulic gradient, A= cross-sectional area.

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13
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of solutes from higher concentration to lower concentration

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14
Q

Discharge Area

A

An area where subsurface water is discharged to the surface

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15
Q

Dispersion

A

Spreading and mixing of a solute in groundwater due to differences in flow velocity

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16
Q

Drawdown

A

Amount of water in a well lowered due to well withdrawal

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17
Q

Effective Porosity

A

Percentage of the total volume of rock that contains interconnected space. Also called specific yield.

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18
Q

Effluent

A

The liquid discharged from a treatment or manufacturing facility.

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19
Q

Equipotential

A

Points of equal head

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20
Q

Equivalent Weight

A

Atomic weight of a dissolved ionic species divided by the electrical charge

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21
Q

Field Capacity

A

Quantity of water held by the soil or rock against the pull of gravity.

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22
Q

Flow Net

A

A two-dimensional representation of flow lines and equipotential

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23
Q

Gaining Stream

A

A stream or river that is below the water table and is recharged from groundwater.

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24
Q

Hardness

A

The presence of insoluble residues such as calcium or magnesium.

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25
Q

Hardpan

A

A hard near surface soil layer formed due to cementation from precipitation of insoluble materials.

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26
Q

Head

A

A measure of the potential energy of a fluid; the elevation water will rise to due to pressure.

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27
Q

Hydraulic Conductivity

A

The capacity of a porous medium to transmit fluids.

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28
Q

Hydraulic Gradient

A

Rate of change in total head over distance.

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29
Q

Infiltration

A

Flow of water downwards from the surface through the vadose zone to the water table.

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30
Q

Intrinsic Permeability

A

The ease at which a fluid can be transmitted under a hydraulic gradient. Measured in darcys

31
Q

Juvenile Water

A

Water derived directly from magma and has come to the surface for the first time.

32
Q

Leaky Aquifer

A

An aquifer with a semi-permeable overlying layer

33
Q

Leachate

A

Water percolated through solid waste with a high amount of dissolved solids.

34
Q

Losing Stream

A

A stream or river above the water table that loses water to groundwater.

35
Q

Matric Potential

A

Pressure exerted on pore water due to soil-water attraction.

36
Q

MCL

A

Maximum Contaminant Level - the maximum level of contaminants permitted in water which enters the distribution system of a public water system. MCLs are enforceable and based on health risks.

37
Q

Meinzer

A

A unit of hydraulic conductivity measured in gallons per day/square feet

38
Q

Milliequivalent per liter

A

A measure of the chemical equivalence of the concentration of all solutes present in solution. Found by dividing the concentration by the equivalent weight.

39
Q

PPB

A

Parts per billion. A measure of concentration equal to micrograms per liter (ug/L).

40
Q

PPM

A

Parts per million. A measure of concentration equal to milligrams per liter (mg/L)

41
Q

Perched Groundwater

A

Unconfined groundwater in the vadose zone set above an underlying groundwater water body

42
Q

Permeability

A

The ability of a formation to transmit water.

43
Q

Phreatophyte

A

A deep rooted plant that draws water from the water table

44
Q

pCi/l

A

Picocuries per liter. A measure of radioactivity.

45
Q

Porosity

A

The percentage of void space within a formation.

46
Q

Potentiometric Surface

A

The surface which represents the head of groundwater.

47
Q

Quality Assurance

A

A set of activities designed to provide confidence that procedures and processes conform to the specified requirements.

48
Q

Quality Control

A

An activity which determines if a product meets pre-established standards.

49
Q

Recharge Area

A

An area where water infiltrates downwards into the saturated zone.

50
Q

Reference Dose

A

A scientific estimate of a daily exposure level not expected to be harmful to human health.

51
Q

Retardation

A

The reduction of solute flow relative to groundwater due to adsorption.

52
Q

Runoff

A

Precipitation that appears in surficial streams.

53
Q

Salt Water Wedge

A

A wedge of salt water denser than overlying fresh water

54
Q

Secondary MCLs

A

The maximum contaminant levels based on taste, odor, and appearance of the drinking water. Non-enforceable Federal standard.

55
Q

Slug Test

A

An aquifer test by introducing or removing a slug of water in a well. Used to determine hydraulic characteristics.

56
Q

Sodium Adsorption Ratio

A

Ratio of sodium to calcium which indicates how much calcium has been replaced by sodium.

57
Q

Sorption

A

Processes that remove solutes from groundwater

58
Q

Specific Retention

A

Ratio of the volume of water that soil or rock can retain against gravity drainage to the total volume of soil and rock. Expressed as a percentage.

59
Q

Specific Storage

A

The amount of water per unit volume of a saturated formation that is stored or expelled due to compressibility. Units are 1/ft

60
Q

Specific Yield

A

Ratio of volume of water that drains from saturated soil/rock due to gravity to the total volume of rock/soil. Expressed as a percentage.

61
Q

Storage Coefficient

A

A dimensionless measure of the volume of water that will be discharged from an aquifer per unit area of the aquifer and per unit reduction in hydraulic head.

62
Q

TDS

A

Total dissolved solids - the measure of the amounts of minerals dissolved in water.

63
Q

Tracers

A

Compounds used to determine the flow direction or course of groundwater.

64
Q

Transmissivity

A

The capacity of an aquifer to transmit water. T = Kb, where b = saturated thickness of the aquifer. K = hydraulic conductivity

65
Q

Unconfined Aquifer

A

An aquifer with a water table. No overlying confining layer

66
Q

Underflow

A

Groundwater flowing beneath a bed or alluvial plain

67
Q

Unsaturated zone

A

The zone between the surface to the capillary fringe

68
Q

Vadose Zone

A

Subsurface zone extending from the surface to the water table

69
Q

Water Table

A

The area within an unconfined aquifer representative of hydraulic pressure equal to atmospheric pressure.

70
Q

Watershed

A

The region drained by a body of water.

71
Q

Well Efficency

A

The ratio of theoretical to actual drawdown in a well

72
Q

Well Point

A

Pointed steel pipes to install shallow groundwater wells (less than 25 feet)

73
Q
A

CSE (2 decks)

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