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CSE > Hydrogeology and Environmental > Flashcards

Hydrogeology and Environmental Flashcards

1
Q

Adsorbtion

A

The attraction and adhesion of ions or molecules in solution onto the surface of a solid.

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2
Q

Advection

A

Transportation of solutes in groundwater

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3
Q

Aquifer

A

A geologic unit saturated with groundwater and sufficiently permeable to transmit economically significant quantities of groundwater to springs or wells.

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4
Q

Aquitard

A

A geologic layer that is less permeable but does not stop the flow of groundwater

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5
Q

Area of Infuence

A

The area in which the potentiometric surface is affected by withdrawal or injections

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6
Q

Artesian Aquifer

A

Groundwater in a confined aquifer that has a higher head than the top of the aquifer.

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7
Q

Base Flow

A

The amount of stream flow attributed to groundwater inflow.

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8
Q

Capillary Fringe

A

The lowest part of the vadose zone immediately above the water table. Water is under less than atmospheric pressure.

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9
Q

Cone of Depression

A

A cone shaped depression resulting from the drawdown of groundwater from withdrawal.

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10
Q

Confined Aquifer

A

An aquifer with an overlying confining layer of low permeability.

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11
Q

Darcy

A

Unit of intrinsic permeability = 9.8x10^-9 cm^2

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12
Q

Darcy’s Law

A

An equation describing groundwater flow Q=KiA; where Q = Discharge in length cubed over time, K = hydraulic conductivity in units of length over time, i = hydraulic gradient, A= cross-sectional area.

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13
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of solutes from higher concentration to lower concentration

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14
Q

Discharge Area

A

An area where subsurface water is discharged to the surface

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15
Q

Dispersion

A

Spreading and mixing of a solute in groundwater due to differences in flow velocity

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16
Q

Drawdown

A

Amount of water in a well lowered due to well withdrawal

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17
Q

Effective Porosity

A

Percentage of the total volume of rock that contains interconnected space. Also called specific yield.

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18
Q

Effluent

A

The liquid discharged from a treatment or manufacturing facility.

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19
Q

Equipotential

A

Points of equal head

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20
Q

Equivalent Weight

A

Atomic weight of a dissolved ionic species divided by the electrical charge

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21
Q

Field Capacity

A

Quantity of water held by the soil or rock against the pull of gravity.

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22
Q

Flow Net

A

A two-dimensional representation of flow lines and equipotential

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23
Q

Gaining Stream

A

A stream or river that is below the water table and is recharged from groundwater.

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24
Q

Hardness

A

The presence of insoluble residues such as calcium or magnesium.

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25
Hardpan
A hard near surface soil layer formed due to cementation from precipitation of insoluble materials.
26
Head
A measure of the potential energy of a fluid; the elevation water will rise to due to pressure.
27
Hydraulic Conductivity
The capacity of a porous medium to transmit fluids.
28
Hydraulic Gradient
Rate of change in total head over distance.
29
Infiltration
Flow of water downwards from the surface through the vadose zone to the water table.
30
Intrinsic Permeability
The ease at which a fluid can be transmitted under a hydraulic gradient. Measured in darcys
31
Juvenile Water
Water derived directly from magma and has come to the surface for the first time.
32
Leaky Aquifer
An aquifer with a semi-permeable overlying layer
33
Leachate
Water percolated through solid waste with a high amount of dissolved solids.
34
Losing Stream
A stream or river above the water table that loses water to groundwater.
35
Matric Potential
Pressure exerted on pore water due to soil-water attraction.
36
MCL
Maximum Contaminant Level - the maximum level of contaminants permitted in water which enters the distribution system of a public water system. MCLs are enforceable and based on health risks.
37
Meinzer
A unit of hydraulic conductivity measured in gallons per day/square feet
38
Milliequivalent per liter
A measure of the chemical equivalence of the concentration of all solutes present in solution. Found by dividing the concentration by the equivalent weight.
39
PPB
Parts per billion. A measure of concentration equal to micrograms per liter (ug/L).
40
PPM
Parts per million. A measure of concentration equal to milligrams per liter (mg/L)
41
Perched Groundwater
Unconfined groundwater in the vadose zone set above an underlying groundwater water body
42
Permeability
The ability of a formation to transmit water.
43
Phreatophyte
A deep rooted plant that draws water from the water table
44
pCi/l
Picocuries per liter. A measure of radioactivity.
45
Porosity
The percentage of void space within a formation.
46
Potentiometric Surface
The surface which represents the head of groundwater.
47
Quality Assurance
A set of activities designed to provide confidence that procedures and processes conform to the specified requirements.
48
Quality Control
An activity which determines if a product meets pre-established standards.
49
Recharge Area
An area where water infiltrates downwards into the saturated zone.
50
Reference Dose
A scientific estimate of a daily exposure level not expected to be harmful to human health.
51
Retardation
The reduction of solute flow relative to groundwater due to adsorption.
52
Runoff
Precipitation that appears in surficial streams.
53
Salt Water Wedge
A wedge of salt water denser than overlying fresh water
54
Secondary MCLs
The maximum contaminant levels based on taste, odor, and appearance of the drinking water. Non-enforceable Federal standard.
55
Slug Test
An aquifer test by introducing or removing a slug of water in a well. Used to determine hydraulic characteristics.
56
Sodium Adsorption Ratio
Ratio of sodium to calcium which indicates how much calcium has been replaced by sodium.
57
Sorption
Processes that remove solutes from groundwater
58
Specific Retention
Ratio of the volume of water that soil or rock can retain against gravity drainage to the total volume of soil and rock. Expressed as a percentage.
59
Specific Storage
The amount of water per unit volume of a saturated formation that is stored or expelled due to compressibility. Units are 1/ft
60
Specific Yield
Ratio of volume of water that drains from saturated soil/rock due to gravity to the total volume of rock/soil. Expressed as a percentage.
61
Storage Coefficient
A dimensionless measure of the volume of water that will be discharged from an aquifer per unit area of the aquifer and per unit reduction in hydraulic head.
62
TDS
Total dissolved solids - the measure of the amounts of minerals dissolved in water.
63
Tracers
Compounds used to determine the flow direction or course of groundwater.
64
Transmissivity
The capacity of an aquifer to transmit water. T = Kb, where b = saturated thickness of the aquifer. K = hydraulic conductivity
65
Unconfined Aquifer
An aquifer with a water table. No overlying confining layer
66
Underflow
Groundwater flowing beneath a bed or alluvial plain
67
Unsaturated zone
The zone between the surface to the capillary fringe
68
Vadose Zone
Subsurface zone extending from the surface to the water table
69
Water Table
The area within an unconfined aquifer representative of hydraulic pressure equal to atmospheric pressure.
70
Watershed
The region drained by a body of water.
71
Well Efficency
The ratio of theoretical to actual drawdown in a well
72
Well Point
Pointed steel pipes to install shallow groundwater wells (less than 25 feet)
73

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