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Chemistry > Hydrogen & Environmental Chemistry > Flashcards

Hydrogen & Environmental Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Earlier which solvent was used for dry cleaning?

A

Tetra chloroethene (Cl2C=CCl2)

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2
Q

Now a days which compound is used for purpose of bleaching clothes in the process of laundary?

A

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

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3
Q

How can we make industrial waste water clean?

A

Powder of kernel of tarmarind seeds has been found to be an effective material to make municipal and industrial waste water clean.

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4
Q

Which organic compounds are toxic?

A

Benzene, Toluene, Carbon Tetrachloride, etc. are highly toxic.

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5
Q

Some examples of Herbicides

A

Sodium Chlorate (NaClO3), Sodium Arsinite (Na3AsO3)

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6
Q

Full form of DDT

A

Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane

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7
Q

BOD level of Clean & polluted water

A

Clean Water should have BOD value less 5 ppm, whereas polluted water could have BOD value of 17 ppm.

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8
Q

At what DO value does the growth of fish gets inhibited?

A

6 ppm

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9
Q

In cold water, DO can reach a concentration of upto?

A

10 ppm

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10
Q

What is the value of DO in air?

A

200,000 ppm

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11
Q

Effects of deficiency of Fluoride?

A

Tooth decay.

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12
Q

What should be the concentration of fluoride in drinking water?

A

Upto 1 ppm

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13
Q

Effects of higher concentration of Fluoride in drinking water?

A

F- ion concentration above 2 ppm causes brown mottling of teeth, and if used excess (above 10 ppm) causes harmful effect to bones and teeth.

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14
Q

Limit of concentration of Lead in drinking water?

A

Upto 50 ppb, excess use can damage kidney, liver, reproductive system, etc.

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15
Q

Limit of concentration of Sulphate in drinking water?

A

Excessive sulphate (>500 ppm) in drinking water causes laxative effect.

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16
Q

Limit of concentration of Nitrate in drinking water?

A

Max. limit is 50 ppm, excess concentration of nitrate can cause methemoglobinemia (‘blue baby’ syndrome).

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17
Q

Limit of concentration of Iron (Fe) in drinking water?

A

0.2 ppm

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18
Q

Limit of concentration of Manganese (Mn) in drinking water?

A

0.05 ppm

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19
Q

Limit of concentration of Aluminium in drinking water?

A

0.2 ppm

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20
Q

Limit of concentration of Copper in drinking water?

A

3.0 ppm

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21
Q

Limit of concentration of Zinc in drinking water?

A

5.0 ppm

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22
Q

Limit of concentration of Cadmium in drinking water?

A

0.005 ppm

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23
Q

Full form of “PAN”?

A

Peroxyacetyl nitrate

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24
Q

Common components of Photochemical Smog?

A

Ozone, Nitric Oxide, Acrolein, Formaldehyde, Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)

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25
Q

What causes cracking of rubber and extensive damage to plant life?

A

Photochemical Smog

26
Q

What acts as powerful eye irritant?

A

Ozone and Nitric Oxide

27
Q

Which plants can reduce photochemical smog?

A

Plants such as Pinus, Juniparus, Quercus, Pyrus and Vitis can metabolise nitrogen oxide.

28
Q

Wavelength of ultra-violet rays?

A

225 nm

29
Q

Radiations of ultra-violet rays can cause?

A

Skin cancer (Melanoma)

30
Q

Main reason for the depletion of ozone layer?

A

CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbon compounds), also known as freons.

31
Q

What is acid rain?

A

When the pH of the rain water drops below 5.6, it is called acid rain.

32
Q

pH level of rain water?

A

5.6 (Yes, it is acidic)

33
Q

Where is Carbon Dioxide present in atmosphere?

A

Carbon dioxide gas is confined to troposphere only.

34
Q

Bad effects of Hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbons are carcinogenic, i.e. they cause cancer. They harm plants by causing ageing, breakdown of tissues and shedding of leaves, flowers and twigs.

35
Q

Bad effects of Sulphur Dioxide?

A

Sulphur dioxide causes irritation to the eyes, resulting in tears and redness. High concentration of SO2 leads to stiffness of flower buds which eventually fall off from plants.

36
Q

Layers of atmosphere?

A
  1. 0 - 10 km troposphere.
  2. 11 - 50 km stratosphere
  3. 51 - 90 km mesosphere
  4. 91 - 800 km thermosphere
  5. 801 - 3000 km exosphere
37
Q

What causes the discolouration of Taj Mahal?

A

Acid rain

38
Q

Which elements in Boron family do not give Hydrides?

A

Indium and Thalium from the boron family do not give hydrides

39
Q

What are the isotopes of Hydrogen?

A
  1. Protium (normal hydrogen)
  2. Deuterium
  3. Tritium
40
Q

Which isotope of Hydrogen is radioactive?

A

Only tritium is radioactive and emits low energy beta-particles.

41
Q

What is “syngas”?

A

Mixture of CO and H2 is called water gas / syngas / synthesis gas.

42
Q

What makes “hard water”?

A

Presence of calcium and magnesium salts in the form of hydrogencarbonate, chloride and sulphate in water makes water ‘hard’.

43
Q

Temporary hardness of water is due to what?

A

Temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of magnesium and calcium hydrogen carbonates.

44
Q

Permanent hardness of water is due to what?

A

Permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of soluble salts of magnesium and calcium in the form of chlorides and sulphates in water.

45
Q

What is calgon?

A

Sodium hexametaphoshphate (Na6P6O18), commercially known as “calgon”.

46
Q

What is the formula of NaZ?

A

Sodium Aluminium Silicate (NaAlSiO4) can be written as NaZ.

47
Q

Formula of hydrogen peroxide

A

H2O2

48
Q

Formula of Heavy water

A

D2O

49
Q

Where is Heavy water used?

A

Heavy water is extensively used as a moderator in nuclear reactors and in exchange reactions for the study of reaction mechanisms.

50
Q

Why dihydrogen is not viable to be used as a fuel?

A
  1. A cylinder of compressed dihydrogen weighs about 30 times as much as a tank of petrol containing the same amount of energy.
  2. Dihydrogen gas is converted into liquid state by cooling to 20K, this would require expensive insulated tanks.
51
Q

How hydrogen peroxide is used in daily life?

A

In daily life it is used as a hair bleach and as a mild disinfectant. As an antiseptic it is sold in the market as perhydrol.

52
Q

Which chemicals are manufactured using hydrogen peroxide?

A

Hydrogen peroxide is used in the manufacture of chemicals like sodium perborate and per-carbonate which are used in high quality detergents.

53
Q

Which compounds are synthesized using hydrogen peroxide?

A

Hydrogen peroxide is used in the synthesis of hydroquinone, tartaric acid and certain food products and pharmaceuticals (cephalosporin) etc.

54
Q

How hydrogen peroxide is used in the manufacturing industry?

A

Hydrogen peroxide is employed in the industries as bleaching agent for textiles, paper pulp, leather, oils and fats, etc.

55
Q

How hydrogen peroxide is used in Green Chemistry?

A

In the pollution control treatment of domestic and industrial effluents, oxidation of cyanides, restoration of aerobic conditions to sewage wastes, etc.

56
Q

What is the structure of hydrogen peroxide?

A

Hydrogen Peroxide has a non-planar structure.

57
Q

How hydrogen peroxide is prepared industrially?

A

Industrially it is prepared by the auto-oxidation of 2-alkylanthraquinols

Example.
2-Ethylanthraquinol in presence of O2 gives H2O2.

58
Q

How hydrogen peroxide is prepared using Peroxodisulphate?

A

Peroxodisulphate on hydrolysis yields Hydrogen peroxide.

59
Q

Formula of Peroxodisulphate?

A

HO3SOOSO3H

60
Q

Why hydrogen peroxide is stored in wax-lined glass or plastic vessels in dark?

A

H2O2 decomposes slowly on exposure to light.
2H2O2 (l) -> 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)

In the presence of metal surfaces or traces of alkali (present in glass containers), the above reaction is catalysed.

61
Q

Why synthetic resins method is more efficient than Zeolite process for the removal of permanent hardness?

A

Synthetic resins method is more useful as it exchanges both cations as well as anions.

62
Q

What is Clark’s Method and which type of hardness can it remove?

A

Clark’s method is used for the removal of temporary hardness.

In this method calculated amount of line is added to hard water. It percipitates out calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide which can be filtered off.

Chemistry (4 decks)

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