Hydrogen

Question 1

what is the first element on the periodic table

Answer 1

hydrogen

Question 2

What is the most abundant element in the universe, accounting for about 75% of all mass

Answer 2

hydrogen

Question 3

free H2 is _______

Answer 3

scarce

Question 4

highest energy by ______, but low volumetric ______ ________

Answer 4

weight
volumetric energy density

Question 5

how much more energy by weight does hydrogen have compared to gasoline

Answer 5

3 times

Question 6

what can hydrogen be used to make

Answer 6

fertilizers, steel, fuel in trucks, store energy, make electricity, multiple abundant fuel sources

Question 7

what goes into a fuel cell and what comes out
is there combustion?

Answer 7

Hydrogen and oxygen in
electricity and water out
no combustion

Question 8

Fuel cells and electrolyzes are known as hydrogen consumption or hydrogen production

Answer 8

fuel cells are hydrogen consumption
electrolyzes are hydrogen production

Question 9

what goes into and out of the electrolyzers

Answer 9

electricity and water in
hydrogen and oxygen out

Question 10

the electrolyzers operate like a fuel cell in __________

Answer 10

reverse

Question 11

what is grey hydrogen

Answer 11

produced by steam methane reformation (SMR) without carbon capture ad sequestration (CCS)

Question 12

What is blue hydrogen

Answer 12

produced from fossil fuels by steam methane reformation (SMR), pyrolysis or other processes with carbon capture and sequestration

Question 13

what is green hydrogen

Answer 13

produced from water by electrolysis using renewable electricity such as hydroelectricity, wind or solar

Question 14

what is white hydrogen energy

Answer 14

produced from water by electrolysis or high temperatures from nuclear energy

Question 15

What are hard to decarbonize industries

Answer 15

steel, cement, and ammonia industries

Question 16

What are the 6 hydrogen uses that are included in the hydrogen economy

Answer 16

Hard to decarbonize sectors, transportation, energy storage, stationary fuel cells, petroleum refining, and chemicals

Question 17

describe how transportation fits in the hydrogen economy

Answer 17

for heavy duty applications including trucks, trains, and at ports

Question 18

describe how energy storage fits in the hydrogen economy

Answer 18

good for long-term energy storage; improved electric grid efficiency

Question 19

describe how Stationary fuel cells fits in the hydrogen economy

Answer 19

electricity production for cell phone towers, data centers, hospitals and supermarkets

Question 20

describe how petroleum refining fits in the hydrogen economy

Answer 20

largest use of hydrogen produced today

Question 21

describe how chemicals fits in the hydrogen economy

Answer 21

second largest use of hydrogen produced today

Question 22

What are the advantages of hydrogen

Answer 22

highest energy content by weight
reduced greenhouse gas emissions, store renewable power, ability to use for industry and transportation, faster charging time than electric vehicles, reduced air pollution, reliable and flexible power grid support

Question 23

An advantage of hydrogen is that it has the highest energy content by weight. what state and conditions must be met to realize this advantage

Answer 23

has to be high pressure or liquid state to realize this advantage

Question 24

what are the challenges for large scale hydrogen utilization

Answer 24

high initial cost for infrastructure and safety, need consume energy (fossil fuels or renewables) to produce, highly flammable and reactive, difficult to store and transport, limited infrastructure to move and use hydrogen

Question 25

Hydrogen must be produced from other fuels such as natural gas or from water through ___________ by consuming electricity. Therefore, hydrogen should be called an energy ________ rather than an energy _________

Answer 25

electrolysis carried source

Question 26

what are the hydrogen conversion methods using solar

Answer 26

electrolysis of water, photolytic splitting of water and thermal splitting of water

Question 27

what are the hydrogen conversion methods using wind

Answer 27

electrolysis of water

Question 28

What are the hydrogen conversion methods using biomass

Answer 28

Fermentation, gasification, pyrolysis

Question 29

What are the hydrogen conversion methods using natural gas

Answer 29

pyrolysis, steam reforming, plasma reforming

Question 30

what are the hydrogen conversion methods using oil

Answer 30

gasification and partial oxidation

Question 31

what are the hydrogen conversion methods using coal

Answer 31

partial oxidation and gasification

Question 32

what are the electrochemical conversion methods

Answer 32

electrolysis of water, photolytic splitting of water

Question 33

what ae the biological conversion methods

Answer 33

fermentation

Question 34

what are the thermochemical conversion methods

Answer 34

thermal splitting of water, gasification, pyrolysis, steam reforming, plasma reforming, partial oxidation

Question 35

globally, what conversion methods produced almost 50% of hydrogen. why?

Answer 35

steam methane reforming SMR It is the least expensive, can be blue or green hydrogen, made by natural gas

Question 36

which conversion method is the most desirable method to produce green hydrogen

Answer 36

electrolysis of water

Question 37

what are the disadvantages of electrolysis of water

Answer 37

cost, durability, reliability, safety. no thermodynamic advantage because it consumes electricity more than it produces. Does store energy tho, just cant have 100% efficiency

Question 38

describe the first step of steam-methane reforming

Answer 38

high temperature steam (700-1000) is used to produce hydrogen from a methane source, such a natural gas. The products are hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and a relatively small amount of carbon dioxide. steam reforming is endothermic (heat must be supplied)

Question 39

Describe the second step of steam methane reforming

Answer 39

water-gas shift reaction (WGS), carbon monoxide and steam are reacted using catalyst to produce carbon dioxide and more hydrogen (exothermic)

Question 40

What is the combination of the two reactions in SMR

Answer 40

CH4 + 2H2O = CO2 + H2 +heat

Question 41

SMR can also be used to produce hydrogen from other fuels such as

Answer 41

ethanol, propane, or even gasoline

Question 42

For SMR + water gas shift, how much hydrogen is released to the atmosphere if there is no capture and sequestration

Answer 42

6 ton from 2.2 ton methane input

Question 43

For SMR + water gas shift, how much hydrogen is released to the atmosphere if there is capture and sequestration

Answer 43

about 70% of carbon is captured, so 2.9 ton methane input. 1.5 ton CO2 released, 3.6 ton CO2 CCS

Question 44

The ______ _______ provide a resilient, protected, leak proof reservoir to inject, store, and deliver hydrogen.

Answer 44

salt caverns

Question 45

what are the 3 phases to store hydrogen in salt caverns

Answer 45

leaching phase - inject water to dissolve salt debrining phase - inject more water and pump the salty brine water out filling phase - inject gas and pump out the brine

Question 46

what are the two main ways hydrogen can be stored

Answer 46

physical based, material based

Question 47

storage of hydrogen as a liquid requires cryogenic temperatures because the boiling point of hydrogen at one atmosphere is _______

Answer 47

- 252.8C

Question 48

what are the physical based ways to store hydrogen

Answer 48

compressed gas, cold/cyro compressed, liquid H2

Question 49

what are the material based ways to store hydrogen

Answer 49

absorbent, liquid organic, interstitial hydride, complex hydride, chemical hydrogen

Question 50

what are the 2 main categories of of hydrogen transportation

Answer 50

physical and chemical

Question 51

what are the 2 sub categories of physical transportation of hydrogen

Answer 51

Gaseous H2, liquified H2

Question 52

what are the 3 types of gaseous H2 transportation

Answer 52

compressed H2 tube trailers, pipeline, zeppelin H2 carrier

Question 53

what are the 2 types of liquified H2 transportation

Answer 53

cryogenic liquid trailers, cryogenic liquid ships

Question 54

what are the 5 ways to chemical transport H2

Answer 54

ammonia - ships, train trailers, LOHC - ships, semi trailers, metal hydride trailers

Question 55

Beining the smallest and lightest molecules, In order totransport large amounts of hydrogen it must be either _________ and delivered as a __________ _____, or _______.

Answer 55

pressurized compressed gas, or liquified

Question 56

At the point of hydrogen use, infrastructure components include

Answer 56

compression, storage, dispensers, meters, and contaminant detection and purification technologies

Question 57

what are the 4 methods of clean hydrogen transportation

Answer 57

pipeline route, clean ammonia route, liquified hydrogen route, liquid organic hydrogen carrier route

Question 58

what are the steps to transport hydrogen over long distances

Answer 58

hydrogen liquefaction at -253C - carry by boat - vaporization

Question 59

what are the steps to transport hydrogen in large quantity and over long distances

Answer 59

compress hydrogen - pipeline - storage

Question 60

Ammonia is an efficient way to transport hydrogen as a ________. After reaching its destination, it can be converted back to hydrogen or used as ammonia.

Answer 60

liquid

Question 61

where are the majority of hydrogen cars with fueling stations in the US

Answer 61

California

Question 62

what are the pressures for hydrogen fueling stations

Answer 62

H70 - 700 bar H35 - 350 bar

Question 63

what are the 4 pillars to Saskatchewan hydrogen hive

Answer 63

location, collaborators, integration, and storage

Question 64

what are the 5 leading markets for clean hydrogen end-use opportunities

Answer 64

Heating, power generation and storage, exports, transportation, and industrial processes

Question 65

Describe how hydrogen is used in heating

Answer 65

hydrogen is blended with natural gas or burned directly and is used for residential and commercial use

Question 66

describe how hydrogen is used in power generation and storage

Answer 66

generating electricity using hydrogen turbines and fuel cell generators, and producing hydrogen via electrolysis from intermittent renewables as energy storage medium

Question 67

describe how hydrogen can be used in exports

Answer 67

meeting energy competitiveness and growing international demand

Question 68

describe how hydrogen can be used for transportation

Answer 68

hydrogen fuel cell cars, buses, trucks, trains, aviation, hydrogen combustion engines

Question 69

describe how hydrogen can be used for industrial processes

Answer 69

includes fossil fuel refining and bitumen upgrading, ammonia and fertilizers, chemicals, and liquid synthetic fuels