Chapter 1 - Intro Flashcards
what is energy
The ability to do work
what are the forms of energy
heat, light, motion, electrical, chemical, gravitational, thermal, radiant, mechanical, nuclear
if u eat food and then play what is your conversion of energy
chemical to kinetic
if u burn gasoline to drive a ca what is your energy conversion
chemical to kinetic
if u use a solar panel to generate electricity, what is the energy conversion
solar energy to electrical energy
what is power
rates at which we use energy
1 J =
1 Nm is the MKS unit of energy, equal to the force of one newton acting through one meter
what is BTU
British thermal unit. the amount of heat necessary to raise one pound of water by 1 F
= 252 calories
describe what 1 KWh emans
the amount of energy of one kilowatt power flowing for one hour
1 watt =
1 J/s
Hydrogen has the highest specific heat in terms of ______, but almost the lowest in terms of _______.
MJ/kg
KJ/mol
highest i terms in mass, lowest in terms of volume
141.8 MJ/kg
286 KJ/mol
why does hydrogen have the highest energy based on mass but lowest based on volume
It has the smallest atomic mass, so a small amount contains a lot of atoms.
Under STD hydrogen is a gas with very low density and the molecules are far part, meaning that volume contains a relatively small amount of hydrogen molecules
what are the names for the powers of 10
kilo, mega, giga, tera, peta, exa, yotta
what are the 7 fundamental dimensions in SI
length - m
mass - kg
Time - s
Temperature - K
Electric current - A
Amount of light - cd
amount of matter - mol
what is N/m^2
Pa
How is pressure calculated
P = F/A
how is work calculated
W = Fd
1J = 1Nm
work has the unit of
energy
conversion celsuis to Kelvin
K = C + 273.15
conversion farenheit to celsuis
F = (5/9) (F - 32)
conversion celsuis to farenheit
C = (9/5) C + 32
Give renewable energies
Solar - photosynthesis (direct combustion, pyrolysis, fermentation, digestion) - Limnic (gravitational, salination, evaporation) - Oceanic (waves, currents, thermal difference, osmotic) -Wind - Direct conversion
Geothermal
Gravitional
Give non-renewable energies
Fossil - Methane clathrate, coal, oil, gas, shale
Mineral - fission, fusion
describe fossil fuels
fossil fuels are formed from buried organic material during the course of millions of year after which they become rich in carbon and release energy when burned
what are the emissions associated with fossil fuels
CO2 - GHG
Nitrogen oxides NO and hydrocarbons HC - smog
Carbon monoxide CO- lethal
surfur dioxide SO2 - acid rain
Particulate matter PM - adverse health affects
climate change refers to long-term shifts in ______ and ______ patterns. these shifts can be ________. but since 1800s, ________ activities have been the main driver
temperature and weather
natural
human
How do we measure atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration
air bubbles from the air core extracted from 4000m deep drilling in lake vostok
what is net zero
net zero meanscutting
greenhouse gas emissions to as
close to zero as possible, with any
remaining emissions re-absorbed
from the atmosphere, by oceans
and forests for instance
How much has GHG increase since 2010 and what does it need to reduce to not exceed 1.5 C
14% increase
-45% decrease
what is CCUS
Carbon capture utilization and storage
Capture - remove emissions from a range of facilities or atmosphere
Utilize - put into fuels, chemical, materials and products, EOR
Transport - pipeline or trucks
Storage - saline aquifers, old oil reservoirs, basalt formations, and deep sea
difference between renewable and non-renewable energy
renewable energy is self-replenished and infinite.
Non-renewable is finite because their depletion is a lot faster than their formation
advantages of renewable energy
infinite supply
less area restriction
environmental benefits
social economic factors
what does net metering/on grid vs off grid mean when referring to solar panels
Net metering/ on grid - any excess power not used by the consumer is put back into the grid and lowers their power bill
Off grid - excess electricity is stored in batteries
what does airfoils mean
the blades of a wind turbine
what kind of energy can we take from geothermal
electricity generation, heating and cooling, and direct use
describe biofuels
biomass can be converted directly into liquid fuels. like ethanol made from the fermentation of biomass high in carbohydrates
describe biodiesel
made from vegetables and animal fats.
ocean energy is
natural movement of ocean water, including tides, waves, and currents can be used to produced electricity.
Still at R&D stage
describe tidal energy
natural rise and fall of of tides and tidal currents from the gravitational influence of the sun and moon
describe wave energy
movement of waves, huge potential to generate 24/7 power, but really expensive
what are the challenges of renewable energy on power grids
hard to implement high shares of renewable energy to the power system
intermittent - causing instabilities and blackouts if put into the grid without changes
new grids take longer to build and a lot of planning
what is the idea of stored energy for renewable energies
Energy storage tackles the variability of renewable
energies, such as wind and solar energy. It stores
surplus energy generated during times of high output
but low electricity demand, and then makes it
available during times of lower output but high
electricity demand
how do we balance the overall storage systems for renewable energy
integrating energy storage systems(pumped storage and batteries) with variable renewable energy
