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Chemistry Revision > Hydrocarbons & Cracking > Flashcards

Hydrocarbons & Cracking Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound that only contains hydrogen and carbon atoms.

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2
Q

What is crude oil?

A

Mixture of hydrocarbons formed over millions of years from remains of dead aquatic organisms.

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3
Q

Carbon atoms in hydrocarbons are joined together in:
1.
2.

A

Chains.
Rings.

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4
Q

Crude oil is an important source for what 5 things:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A
  1. Fuel.
  2. Feedstock.
  3. Lubricants.
  4. Detergents.
  5. Solvents.
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5
Q

What is feedstock?
(Note: made from alkenes).

A

A raw material used to provide reactants for an industrial reaction.

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6
Q

What is a petrochemical?

A

A substance made from crude oil using chemical reactions.

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7
Q

An example of feedstock: Ethene.

Ethene is produced from crude oil. It is used as feedstock to make poly(ethene), a ____________.

A

polymer

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8
Q

Alkanes form a homologous series.

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of organic compounds that have the same functional group and chemical properties.

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9
Q

Like all homologous series, alkanes:

Have the same __________________.

Differ by ______ in molecular formulae from each compound.

Show a gradual variation in physical properties, such as their ___________________.

Have similar ____________________.

A

general formula

CH2

boiling points

chemical properties

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10
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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11
Q

What are the names of the first 4 alkanes in order:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A

1.Methane.
2. Ethane.
3. Propane.
4. Butane.

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12
Q

Ball and stick models show that the _________________ are not really at angles of ____° like in the structural formulas.

A

covalent bonds
90

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13
Q

Alkanes are _____________ hydrocarbons because their _______________ are joined by C-C _________________.

A

saturated
carbon atoms
single bonds

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14
Q

Different hydrocarbons have _______________________.

A

different boiling points

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15
Q

What is are fractions?

A

The different parts of the original crude oil mixture.

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16
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

When a mixture of several substances is distilled.

And the evaporated components are collected as they condense at different temperatures.

17
Q

Heated crude oil enters a ___________________, which is _____ at the bottom and gets ____________ towards the top.

___________ from the crude oil _______ through the column.

Vapours __________________________ that are led out of the column at ___________________.

A

fractionating column
hot
cooler

Vapours
rise

cool and condense into liquids
different heights

18
Q

Small hydrocarbon molecules have ____________________________, so they have ______________________.

They do not _____________, so they leave the column as ________.

A

weak intermolecular forces
low boiling points

condense
gases

19
Q

Long hydrocarbon molecules have _____________________________, so they have ___________________.

They leave the column as _____________________.

A

stronger intermolecular forces
high boiling points

hot liquid bitumen

20
Q

What are 4 properties of small molecules at the top of the fractioning column:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. Low boiling point.
  2. Very volatile.
  3. Ignites easily.
  4. Flows easily.
21
Q

What are 4 properties of large molecules at the bottom of the fractioning column:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. High boiling point.
  2. Not volatile.
  3. Does not ignite easily.
  4. Does not flow easily.
22
Q

What are the order of products from fractional distillation from top to bottom:
(Lazy Penguins Keep Drinking Hot Beverages).

A

Liquified petroleum gases.

Petrol.

Kerosene.

Diesel.

Heavy fuel oil.

Bitumen.

23
Q

What are the 4 similar properties of hydrocarbons (mostly alkanes) in a fraction?

A

Numbers of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Boiling points.
Ease of ignition.
Viscosity.

24
Q

The hydrocarbons in different fractions have __________________________.

A

different properties

25
Q

What is cracking?
(For most hydrocarbon molecules).

A

A reaction where larger, saturated hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller, unsaturated hydrocarbons.

26
Q

What is the reactant for cracking?

What are the products of cracking?

A

Reactants: Alkane.

Products: Alkanes and alkenes.

27
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon.

28
Q

An alkane is a compound of what?

A

Hydrogen and carbon only.

29
Q

Alkenes are joined by ___-___ single bonds

A

C-C

30
Q

What is an alkene?

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon.

31
Q

An alkene are compounds of what?

A

Hydrogen and carbon.

Carbon and carbon.

32
Q

Alkenes have at least one __=__ double bond

A

C=C

33
Q

What is the formula for an alkene?

A

CnH2n

34
Q

True or false: Alkenes are less reactive than alkanes

A

False. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes.

35
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

Using a temperature of approximately ______ °C and a _______________ known as a __________ which contains aluminium oxide and silicon oxide.

A

550
catalyst
zeolite

36
Q

What is steam cracking?

Using a temperature of approximately _____ °C with no ____________.

A

850

catalyst

37
Q

Cracking helps to match the demand of certain ______________ with matching ____________.

A

fractions
supply

38
Q

Fractional distillation of crude oil produces more ___________________________ than can be sold, and less of the _____________________________________.

A

larger hydrocarbons
smaller hydrocarbons in demand

39
Q

How do you test for a double C=C bond (alkene) in a molecule?

A

React with bromine water and if an alkene is present it will turn from orange to colourless.

Chemistry Revision (24 decks)

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