Hydrocarbons Flashcards
what are aliphatic hydrocarbons ?
they are hydrocarbons which do not contain a benzene ring
what are Aromatic hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons that do contain a benzene ring
methane is an example of which kind of hydrocarbon
aliphatic(one which does not contain a benzene ring)
what are some general ideas about methane
Green house gas with a higher warming potential then that of CO2
it is however very short lived and if action is taken to reduce these emmisions then rapid reducation is global warming will be seen
what are alkanes
single bond aliphatic hydrocarbons which have a low molecular wt and are able to solubilize fats this causes toxic effects , they may also be off higher molcular wieght in which case they are much less toxic
What is Narcosis
The state of arrested activity of protoplasmic structure , this process is reversibke and non specifci mode of action
What are alkenes
also known as Olefins and aliphatic which contain astealst a single double bond, these a more reactive than alkanes but still less then aromatics.
These are found in refined petrolem products
what are some general characteristics of Benzene
Presucuro to many chemiacls such as pesticides and solvents, can also be found as a fuel additive.
what are the toxic effects of benzene
Incorperateion of oxygen into the ring during degradation gives rise to an epocide intermendate which is long lived within cells, these intermeidated can react with nucleophils, damage to blood cells, lymph and kidney fucntion.
These can lead to cancer
what is toluene
Used to make benzene however can also act as a substitute for benzene
what are some harmful effects of toluene
Toluene is less soluble in water making it lipophilic meaning that it rapidly reachs the site of action and therefore has a higher potential for toxicity
Greater depressive CNS effect then that seen in benzene
Rapidly degrated when compared to benze therefore less overall effect
Xylene
Aromatic hydrocarbon which is virtually insouble in water making it easily transferable in lipid bylayers,
the low water solubility makes it reativly low in toxicity and is therefore often used to replace both benzene and toulene in may instances
some negative health effects of xylene
in high conc headaces and imparired coordination edema and nasusea
low conc- chorinc skin irritations anemia blood damage
what is a PAH
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are colourless white or green solids which are often found attached to PM. these compounds are not easily dissivled into water however will be rapidly evaporated into air
formation of PAH
formed through incomplete combustion, few are used in medicines and dyes
the uptake and health effects of PAH
uptake– main from inhalation and dermal exposire , remeber that the lower the MC the faster it is taken up
Effect- general irritation on expsoure site, headaces nausea damage to redblood cells as well as kidyneys
The envoirnmental fat – enter envoirnment to air can also evapourate into the air,this is broken down by sunlight
Low MC PAHs vs High MC PAHs
Low- tent to be more toxic and then to be found in the air more
High- tend to be more carcinogenic and associated wiith soilds such as PM
EPT index
biotic index which incopeorates response to envoirmental quaility
Measure of envoirmental quaility based on richness of Mayflies stoneflies and caddishflies
what are PCBs
Polychlorinated biphenyls
- associated with manufactured products, these are no longer produced
what are CDDs
Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins which are anthropogenci and natrual sources
what are CDFs
Chlorinated dibenxofurans
- same as CDDs come form natrual sources and anthropogenic
what is found to be the most toxic Dioxins
TCDD- which extreamly persistent , while no longer in use most of the current exposure is from historical use
toxicity assocated with CDD or dioxins
Varries with the number of chlorines and there position in the aromatic ring
