Hybridisation And Aromaticity Flashcards
What does the nucleus contain
Most of the atoms mass but most of the volume is taken up by the atomic shells around the nucleus
What do different orbital represent
Different energy levels that can be adopted by electrons.
The further the orbital or electron is from the nucleus…
the higher its energy level
Orbitals of similar energy are…
Grouped together in shells
Orbital shapes
S - spherical, no node so equal chance of finding E
P - dumbbell shaped, node shows a 0 chance of finding an E
The greater the number of nodes…
The greater the energy of the orbital
How many orbitals in each shell after the 1st
3 with the same shape but different directions perpendicular to each other and have same energy level
What does the 1st shell contain
1xS orbital with 2x E
Orbitals in the 2nd shell are…
Higher in energy as they are further away from the nucleus
Aufbau principle
Orbitals are filled so that those of the lowest energy are filled 1st
Pauli exclusion principle
Max of 2xE may be placed in each orbital
Haunds rule
When there are orbitals of equal energy such as the 3x P we add one E into each before adding the 2nd
What is orbital hybridisation
Combining of individual wave functions for S and P orbitals
How can all bond lengths in methane the same
If bond lengths are all the same4 then we need 4x unpaired E but they need to all be in the same orbital.
2nd shell (2SP3) I I I I
1st shell I I
The 3rd dimension
Single bond -> SP3, tetrahedral
Double bond -> SP2, trigonal planar
Triple bond -> SP, linear
