Hybridisation

Question 1

What shapes do orbitals have?

Answer 1

s = O

p = infinity sign

Question 2

What is the angle for a tehtahedral shape?

Answer 2

109.5

Question 3

What type of bonds are between carbon and hydrogen in methane? (sp3 hybridisation)

Answer 3

Sigma bond

Question 4

Describe the process for sp3 hybridisation for methane

Answer 4

Before Hybridisation
- s orbital inc in energy
- p orbitals dec in energy
- all orbitals contain 1 electron
- hybrid orbitals all have same shape, size and energy

Hybridised Orbitals
- one s and 3 p orbitals combine
- electron moves to 4 sp3 hybrid orbitals
- no spare p orbitals

Methanes molecular shape is tehtahedral = bond angle is 109.5

Question 5

In sp3 hybridisation, what type of bonds do all the hybrid orbitals form?

Answer 5

• sigma bonds which are single bonds
• they dont form double bonds as there is no electrons in p orbitals

Question 6

Describe the process of sp2 hybridisation for ethene

Answer 6

Before hybridisation
- s orbital inc in energy
- p orbitals dec in energy
- all orbitals contain 1 electron
- hybrid orbitals all have same shape, size and energy

Hybridised orbitals
- one 2 and two p orbitals combine
- this makes 3 sp2 hybrid orbitals
- there is one spare p orbital

Ethenes molecular shape is trigonal planar, bond angle = 120

Question 7

In sp2 hybridisation what bond do the 3 hybrid orbitals form and what bond do the spare p orbital electrons form?

Answer 7

• 3 hybrid orbitals form sigma bonds
• spare p orbital electrons on each carbon overlap to form pi bond, which makes double bond

Question 8

Describe the process for sp hybridisation for ethyne

Answer 8

Before hybridisation
- s orbital inc in energy
- p orbitals dec in energy
- all orbitals contain 1 electron
- hybrid orbitals all have same shape, size and energy

Hybridised orbitals
- one s and p orbital combine
- this makes two sp hybrid orbitals
- there are two spare p orbitals

Ethynes molecular shape is linear, bond angle = 180

Question 9

In sp hybridisation for ethyne what bond do the 2 hybrid orbitals form and what bond do the 2 spare p orbital electrons form?

Answer 9

• 2 hybrid orbitals form sigma bonds
• 2 spare p orbitals on each carbon overlap to form pi bonds
• this makes the triple bond in ethyne

Question 10

What type of hybridisation leads to C - C single bonds?

Answer 10

Sp3

Question 11

What type of hybridisation leads to C = C single bonds?

Answer 11

Sp2

Question 12

In terms of sigma and pi, what are single and double bonds made up of?

Answer 12

• single = sigma
• double = pi

Question 13

What is the same for all hybrid orbitals?

Answer 13

• each contain 1 electron
• same shape, size and energy