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Biology Unit 2- Genetics > HW terms > Flashcards

HW terms Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA

A

is a very special molecule which carries information of the species, and individual traits

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2
Q

chromatin

A

partially coiled DNA (with histones). This is the normal state of the DNA when cell is not dividing (mitosis or meiosis)

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3
Q

Allele

A

if genes are not the same they are called alleles (blue or green gene for eye colour)

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4
Q

diploid

A

46

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5
Q

haploid

A

23

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6
Q

synapsis

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up

This is called synapsis

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7
Q

tetrad

A

a group of four chromatids that have similar genes

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8
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg cell

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9
Q

chromosome

A

Chromosomes are large bodies which are composed of one long strand of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones and are supercoiled

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10
Q

gene

A

Genes are lengths of DNA that carry a code for the structure of proteins. These proteins give us our characteristics

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11
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

same chromosomes

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12
Q

chromatid

A

a section of DNA

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13
Q

spindle

A

controls movement, separation of chromosomes

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14
Q

gamete

A

a haploid sex cell

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15
Q

what does meiosis show?

A

variation is heritable

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16
Q

how are mitosis and meiosis different from one another

A
  • mitosis: needs one parent, only 1 phase of cell division to create 2 cells. synapsis does not occur, takes less time, creates two diploid cells. for growth and repair
  • meiosis: needs two parents to create fertilized egg. goes through 2 phases of division, synapsis occurs, create 4 haploid daughter cells. for genetic diversity in sexual reproduction
17
Q

how does meiosis explain Mendel’s principles

A

Mendel’s principle of segregation: Mendel uses this to infer the behaviour of alleles during sexual reproduction.

Mendel’s principle of dominance: infers interaction of alleles when they combine in a new hybrid individual

Mendel’s principle of independent assortment: each pair of alleles separate independently without regard to how others separate. all possible combinations of factors can occur in equal proportions. this occurs when genes are found on separate chromosomes or very far apart

18
Q

• Understand the role of probability in genetic crosses

A

probability does not have memory. each offspring has equal chance for a trait. this is why sometimes, even though it is unlikely, you can have many children of a trait in a row

19
Q

monohybrid cross

A
  • bred two pure breed parents, with either one trait or two
  • F1 generation is 100 dominant trait
  • f2 generation shows 3:1 ratio!
20
Q

principle of segregation

A
  • genes exist in pairs which segregate randomly when gametes are formed and then recombine into pairs at fertilization. sperm and egg and haploid while adult is diploid
21
Q

principle of dominance:

A
  • if an individual is heterozygous, one factor will dominate over the other, recessive trait will only show up when an individual has two copies of that allele. it must be homozygous
22
Q

heterozygous individuals can also be called

A

hybrids

23
Q

pure breeding:

A

when population always produces same trait

24
Q

hybrid

A

when a population is created from two different pure breeds

25
Q

co-dominance

A
  • three phenotypes where the third one has a combination of the other two
26
Q

epistatic genes

A
  • genes that act together to determine a trait
27
Q

multi-allelic genes

A

genes in which there are more than two possible alleles in a population

28
Q

law of independent assortment

A

stating that when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together.

29
Q

how does sample size affect experiment

A

more repetitions of an experiment reduces the probability of getting random errors

Biology Unit 2- Genetics (9 decks)

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