HVIII Foreign Policy Flashcards
Battle of Flodden
1513
In Henry’s absence Scotland invaded
Even though Surrey outnumbered and in a weaker position on the battle field his army won.
Victory far greater than Battle of Spurs
Anglo-French Treaty
1514
Gave England possession of Tornai
Louis XII agreed to pay the arrears of the french pension handed out to Henry in 1540
Henry proposed a joint attack on Spain to drive Ferdinand out of Navarre and claim Castille for CofA (unrealistic and remained unfulfilled)
Betrothal of Henry’s sister Mary to Louis XII
Louis XII death
January 1515
Succeeded by Francis I
He was keen to make his mark on Foreign affair so caused drama
Ferdinand’s death
January 1516
Succeeded by grandson, Archduke Charles
Charles didn’t want to engage with France immediately and saw little reason to renew with England - Henry left humiliated and isolated by 1517
Maximillian’s death
January 1519
Death set out struggle between Charles of Burgundy, Kind of Spain and Francis I
Treaty of Cambrai
1517
François, Charles and Maximillian signed treaty
Agreed to crusade the Turks
All agreed not to go to war with each other - isolated England
Treaty of London
1518
Agreement between France, Burgundy, England, the Netherlands, HRE, Papal states, and Spain.
Set up by Wolsey to put England in centre of diplomatic affairs
A response to rising power of the Ottoman Empire
Significant because:
- Guaranteed non aggression between these states
- Meant any aggressor would be rounded by other states
- Heaped prestige on Henry’s reign
- England no longer isolated
- Wolsey received the commission of legate a latere a position he’d been pressing for since 1514
The Field of Cloth of Gold
1520
Henry and Francis met near Callais for sumptuous feast of chivalric pageantry - both showing Renaissance credentials
Little diplomatic value was achieved
Henry received title “Defender of the Faith”
1521
Pope bestowed title on Henry in gratitude for the King’s book in Defence of the Seven Sacrements (condemned Martin Luther’s idea)
A strength for Henry’s Foreign Policy aim of gaining prestige but did nothing physically for England
Treaty of Windsor
1522
Henry and Charles signed treaty outlining a joint attack against France
Each party providing atlas 40,000 men
Charles agreed to compensate England for the pensions that would be lost because of conflict with France and to pay the past debts
Betrothal of Charles to Mary
In July the English invaded Brittany and Charles didn’t join so English army burned and looted the countryside
Anglo-Swainish invasion of France
1523
English army landed in Callais
Siege of Boulogne abandoned in order to attack Paris
Attack fails
Battle of Pavia
1525
In feb 1525 situation changed once more
Charles achieved a decisive victory over the French in Northern Italy at Pavia
French army was annihilated
Francis I himself taken prisoner
However, Wolsey and Henry gained little from this victory as Charles was in no mood to allow England a share of the spoils .
Charles cancelled the betrothal
Amicable Grant
1525
Henry spending a lot of money on wars
So Wolsey enforced a high tax without the Parliament
Levy of between 1/6 to 1/10 on the goods of the laity and on 1/3 of the goods of the clergy
Treaty of More
1525
Concluded between Henry and the interim French gov of Louise of Savoy.
England agreed to give up some territorial claims on France, receiving on return a pension from France of £20,000 a year
Mary Queen of France was given what she owed England also agreed to work to secure the release of King Francis of France
Then held prisoner by Charles V, HRE and King of Spain
Treaty of Westminister
1527
Negotiated for Henry by Wolsey
Formal agreement that Francis and Henry shared an end goal, to reduce Charles’ power particularly after his army sacked Rome
Princess Mary used as a bargaining chip in discussion - to be betrothed to Francis
