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Animal Health and Welfare > Husbandry and health in cattle > Flashcards

Husbandry and health in cattle Flashcards

1
Q

At what age/weight does puberty occur in cattle

A

40% of adult body weight

10-12 months

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2
Q

Describe oestrus in cattle

A

cattle are polyoestrous

occurs every 21 days and lasts for 15 hours

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3
Q

What is the gestation of a cow

A

280-285 days

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4
Q

Describe the primary signs of oestrus in cattle

A
  • standing to be mounted

- mouting other cows (especially the head and neck)

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5
Q

Describe the secondary signs of oestrus in cattle

A
  • Chin resting
  • Flehmen reaction (lip curling)
  • Clear mucus string hanging from the vulva ‘bulling string’
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6
Q

Describe the tertiary signs of oestrus in cattle

A
  • Restless and increased activity
  • Dirty and marked flanks
  • steaming back
  • change of behaviour
  • decreased milk yield
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7
Q

List common welfare problems

A
  • decreased veterinary involvement
  • Intensification of the dairy and beef industries
  • Reduced resources available in the beef sector
  • Reduced farm manpower
  • Routine procedures
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8
Q

When does castration of cattle usually occur

A

0-8 weeks old

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9
Q

List the different methods of castration of cattle

A
  • Rubber ring
  • Surgical castration
  • Burdizzo ‘bloodless’ castration
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10
Q

when must rubber ring castration need to occur

A

Must be applied in the first week of life

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11
Q

Describe surgical castration of cattle

A

testicles are surgically removed under local anaesthetic

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12
Q

Describe burdizzo ‘bloodless’ castration in cattle

A

spermatic cord containing blood and nerve supply crushed and destroyed

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13
Q

Who can perform castration on cattle

A

Anyone can castrate without local anaesthetic up to 2 months of age after this need to be performed by a vet using local anaesthetic

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14
Q

When does disbudding occur

A

first 2-3 months of life

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15
Q

What is disbudding

A

Removal of the horn bud to prevent horn from growing

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16
Q

Describe methods of disbudding

A
  • Application of a caustic paste at <1week of age

- Burned out with a hot iron after injection of local anaesthetic over the nerve that innervates the bud

17
Q

Describe the removal of supernumerary teats

A

Extra teats are removed with curved scissors usually under local anaesthetic.
Up to 3 months can be done by anyone with or without local anaesthetic after this it needs to be done b vets with or without anaesthetic

18
Q

List common cattle diseases

A 
Infertility 
Mastitis 
Lameness
Calf scour
Calf pneumonia
19
Q

What are the 3 types of mastitis

A
  • Contagious
  • Environmental
  • Summer
20
Q

Describe contagious mastitis

A

spread from cow to cow during milking

e.g. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactia

21
Q

Describe environmental mastitis

A

infection picked up from the environment e.g. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus uberis

22
Q

Describe summer mastitis

A

spread by flies, only occurs in the summer months

23
Q

What are 4 different causes of foot lameness

A
  • Digital dermatitis
  • White line disease
  • Sole haemorrhage/ulcer
  • Interdigital necrobacillosis
24
Q

Describe digital dermatitis

A

bacterial infection of the skin behind the heel bulbs

25
Q

Describe white line disease

A

small stones and dirt carry infection up the join between the sole and wall

26
Q

Describe sole haemorrhage / ulcer

A

cells that produce the sole are damage and killed leading to a small area where the sole does not form. ‘ A pressure sore’ type lesion

27
Q

Describe interdigital necrobacillosis

A

bacterial infection of the skin between the claws

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of calf scour

A

Profuse diarrhoea, dehydration and collapse, reduced growth rates

29
Q

What causes calf scour

A

Caused by a variety of different organisms e.g. Escherichia coli, rotovirus, cryptosprodia, coccidia, coronovirus, salmonella

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of calf pneumonia

A

Coughing, inappetence, dull, pyrexia, tachypnoea (rapid breathing), dyspnoea (difficulty breathing), nasal and ocular discharge, reduced growth rate

31
Q

What is the normal temperature range for a cow and a calf

A 
Adult= 38-39
Calf= 38.5-39.5
32
Q

What is the normal pulse of a cow and calf

A 
Adult= 60-80 beats per minute 
Calf= 80-120 beats per minute
33
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate of adult cows and calves

A 
Adult= 15-30
Calf= 24-36
34
Q

What is the reproduction efficiency

A

Target is to calve once ever 12 months. Most dairy farms use artificial insemination and most suckler herds use natural service

35
Q

How do heifer replacements work

A

Approx 25% of heifers are culled each year, and half of the calves born are heifers so need double the amount of cows to be serves

36
Q

Code of recommendations for the welfare of livestock

A

Contains all relevant legislation and relevant advice on cattle heath and husbandry

Animal Health and Welfare (6 decks)

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