Humanities (Non-Fiction) Flashcards
Believing man to be the center of the Universe can be described as a view of _______.
Humanism
• Humanism is a philosophy that centers around the capabilities of man.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were both ________, finding their spirituality in nature and the natural world.
Transcendentalists.
• Emerson and Thoreau can be considered founders of Transcendentalism.
The last accepted pagan philosophy, ________ was founded by Plotinus around 300 A.D. And based upon the ideas of Plato.
Neoplatonism
________ focuses on the direct relationship between the individual and the universe and/or God.
Existentialism.
• According to Jean-Paul Satre, there is no God and no absolute moral necessities of mankind—man is free to live his own life as he sees fit.
German philosopher _______ wrote Being and Time.
Martin Heidegger.
• Influenced by the work of Edmund Husserl and considered a founding father of existentialism.
A student of Martin Heidgger, _______ wrote Truth and Method and is considered by many to be the father of Hermeneutics.
Hans-Georg Gadamer
The religion of _________, founded in second-century A.D., believed that Satan represented all things material and God all things of light.
Manichaeism
The religion of _______ was founded by Mohammed.
Islam
_______ believe in four noble truths; existence is suffering, suffering is caused by need, suffering can cease and there is a path to the cessation of suffering.
Buddhists
The religious system of China for many years, _______ is based on the practices of yin and yang.
Confucianism
________ both describes the Chinese manner of thought, and a major Chinese religion.
Taoism
• Largely adopted by Buddhism, Taoism was developed to meet the needs of the people that Confucianism was not addressing.
_____ _______ is known as the father of Taoism.
Lao Tzu
Members of he highest caste in Hinduism are know as ________.
Brahmans
A German philosopher born in 1844, ________’s work was later used by a Nazi apologists as justification for their actions.
Friedrich Nietzsche
Philosopher _______ published Phenomenology of Mind in 1807 and Philosophy of Right in 1821, among other works.
Georg W.F. Hegel
German metaphysician _______ began his string of successful philosophical publications with Critique of Pure Reason in 1781.
Immanuel Kant.
• Kant believed that reality extended only as far as an individual’s personal degree of “knowing” and it is impossible to “know” things that one cannot experience firsthand.
_______ penned the famous quote, “I think, therefore I am.”
Rene Descartes
Two treaties on Government, written by _______, influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence.
John Locke
Seventeenth-century British Philosopher _______ argued for a strong, even brutal government in order to keep humanity from becoming savages.
Thomas Hobbes
_______ are a sect of hedonism (pursuit or devotion to pleasure) that believes that pleasure of the mind, not just the senses, is the ultimate goal.
Epicureans.
• The base of this belief is that the goal of every action should be increased, long-term pleasure.
_______ was Alexander the Great’s tutor, and a student of Plato.
Aristotle
The _______ were a radically unconventional group by Antisthenesin Greece 400 A.D.
Cynics
Followers of the philosophy of ______ in Ancient Greece and Rome never showed joy or sadness.
Stoicism
• Stoics believed the restraint of emotion is the key to happiness.
The Ancient Greek Philosopher ______ wrote Republic and Symposium.
Plato
• Plato is credited with being the most influential force of Western philosophy of all time.
________ declares that gods had named him the wisest of all humanity, because he was the only one who knew how little he knew.
Socrates.
• Plato’s teacher, he was later condemned to death by drinking hemlock by fellow Athenians for his alleged atheism.
“Anyone who trades liberty for security deserves neither liberty nor security.”
Who said this?
Benjamin Franklin.
Thomas Paine wrote the short pamphlet ______ _____.
Common Sense. In it, he called the United States to immediately declare independence from England.
A member of British Parliament, ________ sympathized with the Americans during the Revolutionary War.
Edmund Burke
________ said, “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.”
John F. Kennedy
__________ [alleged] assassinated John F. Kennedy.
Lee Harvey Oswald
• Alleged shot Kennedy in Dallas, TX on November 22, 1963.
Abraham Lincoln was shot and killed by ________.
John Wilkes Booth
• Shot on April 14, 1865
A widely respected British orator, ________ said “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat” after being appointed Prime Minister.
Winston Churchill
__________ received a Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her work with lepers.
Mother Teresa
• A nun born in Yugoslavia, she dedicated her life to caring for the poor of Calcutta. The turnout at her funeral was one of the largest ever recorded.
_________ led the 200-mile Salt March.
Mahatma Gandhi
• The Salt March was in protest to high government taxes, and Gandhi led followers to the seacoast to make their salt illegally.
The ________-_______ is a dialogue between Prince Arjuna and Lord Krishna.
Bhagavad-Gita
• Serves as a foundation for the Hindu religion. In the end, Lord Krishna reveals himself as the reincarnation of Vishnu
A state of supreme bliss in Buddhism is called ______.
Nirvana.
• One can achieve Nirvana in life through strict discipline and the elimination of all ignorance and attachments.
The Book of ________ is the last book of the New Testament of the Bible.
Revelation
• The story is apocalyptic, a battle between good and evil with God triumphing in the end.
The five Books of Moses are known as the _______.
Torah
_________ coined the terms proletariat and bourgeois.
Karl Marx
• Proletariat refers to the exploited working class, while bourgeois is the wealthy, exploitative upper class.
The autobiography of St. Augustine is entitled _________.
Confessions
• First renouncing Christianity and acting out as a youth, Augustine eventually came to find the church and wrote this deeply honest account of a convert’s journey to religion.
Renowned French essayist ________ published three collections of essays, and wrote such pieces as On Friendship.
Michel Montaigne
________ wrote twelve Caesars, a biography of the lives of the Caesars.
Suetonius
Born in 69 A.D., Suetonius served as the private secretary of Emperor Hadrian.
The _________ War, a battle between Athens and Sparta, effectively destroyed Athens.
Peloponnesus.
• Though the Athenians were at first winning the battle, a plague wiped out a quarter of their population, including the leader Pericles.
Martin Luther King Jr. Delivered his “I have a Dream” speech at the ______ _______ in 1963.
Lincoln Memorial
• King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 by James Earl Ray
_________ took over the Harper’s Ferry arsenal in 1859 in an attempt to lead a slave uprising.
John Brown
• Brown encouraged slaves to claim their freedom themselves by murdering their owners.
“The government is best which governs least” is a quote from Henry David Thoreau’s __________.
Civil Disobedience.
• Thoreau spent time in jail for refusing to pay taxes to support the Mexican War.
An 18th century politician, ___________’s name has come to refer to a signature.
John Hancock
• First to sign the Declaration of Independence, and did so with a flourishing signature.
________ wrote the origin of species.
Charles Darwin
The legal case in Tennessee over the teaching of evolution in the classroom was known as the _______ trial.
Scopes
_________ began his career in publishing with the San Fransisco Examiner, and his publishing house grew to 18 newspapers and 9 magazines during his lifetime.
William Randolph Hearst
• Orson Well’s Citizen Kane is said to be about Hearst’s life.
_________ made the first non-stop solo flights across the Atlantic Ocean.
Charles Lindbergh
• His family made headlines in 1932, after his young son was kidnapped from their home and murdered.
Banished from Massachusetts for her religious beliefs, ________ helped to found Rhode Island.
Anne Hutchinson
________ ______ was the first English child born in America.
Virginia Dare. She and her family settled at Sir Walter’s Raleigh’s Island, the inhabitants of which all mysteriously disappeared.
________ wrote Etiquette, still the most-consulted source on proper manner and procedures.
Emily post
__________ appointed Thomas Jefferson his Secretary of State and Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury.
George Washington
__________ sailed three ships across the Atlantic in 1492.
Christopher Columbus
• Largely credited with discovering America, he led the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria in search of a new trade route to the East from Spain. Instead, he landed in the Bahamas, and claimed the new land for Spain.
American derives its name from _______.
Amerigo Vespucci
• An Italian navigator, he sailed to South America a short time after Christopher Columbus and developed an advanced system for determine longitude.
Founder of Muslim Mosque, Inc., _______ was assassinated in February 1965.
Malcolm X
Feminist _________ founded Ms. magazine.
Gloria Steinem.
• One of the most recognizable faces (and voices) in feminism, she helped lead the woman’s rights movement.
Jacqueline Kennedy eventually went on to marry _________ after her husband John’s death.
Aristotle Onassis. One of the richest men in the world, Onassis controlled a major shipping company, the Monte Carlo Casino, and Olympic Airways, among other holdings.
_________’s belief that the sun was at the center of the universe led to his death during the Inquisition.
Galileo Galilei
• The first to ever use a telescope to study the stars
__________ perfected the assembly line.
Henry Ford
• A practical man by all accounts, Ford’s mass production techniques aided him in making the Model T available for most every American.
________ developed the Oedipus complex theory, and attributed most psychological problems (particularly sexual ones) to childhood occurrences.
Sigmund Freud
The work of _________ led to the development of the atomic bomb and nuclear fission.
Albert Einstein
