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Humanities > Humanities (Non-Fiction) > Flashcards

Humanities (Non-Fiction) Flashcards

0
Q

Believing man to be the center of the Universe can be described as a view of _______.

A

Humanism

• Humanism is a philosophy that centers around the capabilities of man.

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1
Q

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were both ________, finding their spirituality in nature and the natural world.

A

Transcendentalists.

• Emerson and Thoreau can be considered founders of Transcendentalism.

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2
Q

The last accepted pagan philosophy, ________ was founded by Plotinus around 300 A.D. And based upon the ideas of Plato.

A

Neoplatonism

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3
Q

________ focuses on the direct relationship between the individual and the universe and/or God.

A

Existentialism.

• According to Jean-Paul Satre, there is no God and no absolute moral necessities of mankind—man is free to live his own life as he sees fit.

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4
Q

German philosopher _______ wrote Being and Time.

A

Martin Heidegger.

• Influenced by the work of Edmund Husserl and considered a founding father of existentialism.

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5
Q

A student of Martin Heidgger, _______ wrote Truth and Method and is considered by many to be the father of Hermeneutics.

A

Hans-Georg Gadamer

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6
Q

The religion of _________, founded in second-century A.D., believed that Satan represented all things material and God all things of light.

A

Manichaeism

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7
Q

The religion of _______ was founded by Mohammed.

A

Islam

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8
Q

_______ believe in four noble truths; existence is suffering, suffering is caused by need, suffering can cease and there is a path to the cessation of suffering.

A

Buddhists

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9
Q

The religious system of China for many years, _______ is based on the practices of yin and yang.

A

Confucianism

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10
Q

________ both describes the Chinese manner of thought, and a major Chinese religion.

A

Taoism

• Largely adopted by Buddhism, Taoism was developed to meet the needs of the people that Confucianism was not addressing.

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11
Q

_____ _______ is known as the father of Taoism.

A

Lao Tzu

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12
Q

Members of he highest caste in Hinduism are know as ________.

A

Brahmans

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13
Q

A German philosopher born in 1844, ________’s work was later used by a Nazi apologists as justification for their actions.

A

Friedrich Nietzsche

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14
Q

Philosopher _______ published Phenomenology of Mind in 1807 and Philosophy of Right in 1821, among other works.

A

Georg W.F. Hegel

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15
Q

German metaphysician _______ began his string of successful philosophical publications with Critique of Pure Reason in 1781.

A

Immanuel Kant.

• Kant believed that reality extended only as far as an individual’s personal degree of “knowing” and it is impossible to “know” things that one cannot experience firsthand.

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16
Q

_______ penned the famous quote, “I think, therefore I am.”

A

Rene Descartes

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17
Q

Two treaties on Government, written by _______, influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence.

A

John Locke

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18
Q

Seventeenth-century British Philosopher _______ argued for a strong, even brutal government in order to keep humanity from becoming savages.

A

Thomas Hobbes

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19
Q

_______ are a sect of hedonism (pursuit or devotion to pleasure) that believes that pleasure of the mind, not just the senses, is the ultimate goal.

A

Epicureans.

• The base of this belief is that the goal of every action should be increased, long-term pleasure.

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20
Q

_______ was Alexander the Great’s tutor, and a student of Plato.

A

Aristotle

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21
Q

The _______ were a radically unconventional group by Antisthenesin Greece 400 A.D.

A

Cynics

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22
Q

Followers of the philosophy of ______ in Ancient Greece and Rome never showed joy or sadness.

A

Stoicism

• Stoics believed the restraint of emotion is the key to happiness.

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23
Q

The Ancient Greek Philosopher ______ wrote Republic and Symposium.

A

Plato

• Plato is credited with being the most influential force of Western philosophy of all time.

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24
Q

________ declares that gods had named him the wisest of all humanity, because he was the only one who knew how little he knew.

A

Socrates.

• Plato’s teacher, he was later condemned to death by drinking hemlock by fellow Athenians for his alleged atheism.

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25
Q

“Anyone who trades liberty for security deserves neither liberty nor security.”

Who said this?

A

Benjamin Franklin.

26
Q

Thomas Paine wrote the short pamphlet ______ _____.

A

Common Sense. In it, he called the United States to immediately declare independence from England.

27
Q

A member of British Parliament, ________ sympathized with the Americans during the Revolutionary War.

A

Edmund Burke

28
Q

________ said, “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.”

A

John F. Kennedy

29
Q

__________ [alleged] assassinated John F. Kennedy.

A

Lee Harvey Oswald

• Alleged shot Kennedy in Dallas, TX on November 22, 1963.

30
Q

Abraham Lincoln was shot and killed by ________.

A

John Wilkes Booth

• Shot on April 14, 1865

31
Q

A widely respected British orator, ________ said “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat” after being appointed Prime Minister.

A

Winston Churchill

32
Q

__________ received a Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her work with lepers.

A

Mother Teresa

• A nun born in Yugoslavia, she dedicated her life to caring for the poor of Calcutta. The turnout at her funeral was one of the largest ever recorded.

33
Q

_________ led the 200-mile Salt March.

A

Mahatma Gandhi

• The Salt March was in protest to high government taxes, and Gandhi led followers to the seacoast to make their salt illegally.

34
Q

The ________-_______ is a dialogue between Prince Arjuna and Lord Krishna.

A

Bhagavad-Gita

• Serves as a foundation for the Hindu religion. In the end, Lord Krishna reveals himself as the reincarnation of Vishnu

35
Q

A state of supreme bliss in Buddhism is called ______.

A

Nirvana.

• One can achieve Nirvana in life through strict discipline and the elimination of all ignorance and attachments.

36
Q

The Book of ________ is the last book of the New Testament of the Bible.

A

Revelation

• The story is apocalyptic, a battle between good and evil with God triumphing in the end.

37
Q

The five Books of Moses are known as the _______.

A

Torah

38
Q

_________ coined the terms proletariat and bourgeois.

A

Karl Marx

• Proletariat refers to the exploited working class, while bourgeois is the wealthy, exploitative upper class.

39
Q

The autobiography of St. Augustine is entitled _________.

A

Confessions

• First renouncing Christianity and acting out as a youth, Augustine eventually came to find the church and wrote this deeply honest account of a convert’s journey to religion.

40
Q

Renowned French essayist ________ published three collections of essays, and wrote such pieces as On Friendship.

A

Michel Montaigne

41
Q

________ wrote twelve Caesars, a biography of the lives of the Caesars.

A

Suetonius

Born in 69 A.D., Suetonius served as the private secretary of Emperor Hadrian.

42
Q

The _________ War, a battle between Athens and Sparta, effectively destroyed Athens.

A

Peloponnesus.

• Though the Athenians were at first winning the battle, a plague wiped out a quarter of their population, including the leader Pericles.

43
Q

Martin Luther King Jr. Delivered his “I have a Dream” speech at the ______ _______ in 1963.

A

Lincoln Memorial

• King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 by James Earl Ray

44
Q

_________ took over the Harper’s Ferry arsenal in 1859 in an attempt to lead a slave uprising.

A

John Brown

• Brown encouraged slaves to claim their freedom themselves by murdering their owners.

45
Q

“The government is best which governs least” is a quote from Henry David Thoreau’s __________.

A

Civil Disobedience.

• Thoreau spent time in jail for refusing to pay taxes to support the Mexican War.

46
Q

An 18th century politician, ___________’s name has come to refer to a signature.

A

John Hancock

• First to sign the Declaration of Independence, and did so with a flourishing signature.

47
Q

________ wrote the origin of species.

A

Charles Darwin

48
Q

The legal case in Tennessee over the teaching of evolution in the classroom was known as the _______ trial.

A

Scopes

49
Q

_________ began his career in publishing with the San Fransisco Examiner, and his publishing house grew to 18 newspapers and 9 magazines during his lifetime.

A

William Randolph Hearst

• Orson Well’s Citizen Kane is said to be about Hearst’s life.

50
Q

_________ made the first non-stop solo flights across the Atlantic Ocean.

A

Charles Lindbergh

• His family made headlines in 1932, after his young son was kidnapped from their home and murdered.

51
Q

Banished from Massachusetts for her religious beliefs, ________ helped to found Rhode Island.

A

Anne Hutchinson

52
Q

________ ______ was the first English child born in America.

A

Virginia Dare. She and her family settled at Sir Walter’s Raleigh’s Island, the inhabitants of which all mysteriously disappeared.

53
Q

________ wrote Etiquette, still the most-consulted source on proper manner and procedures.

A

Emily post

54
Q

__________ appointed Thomas Jefferson his Secretary of State and Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury.

A

George Washington

55
Q

__________ sailed three ships across the Atlantic in 1492.

A

Christopher Columbus

• Largely credited with discovering America, he led the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria in search of a new trade route to the East from Spain. Instead, he landed in the Bahamas, and claimed the new land for Spain.

56
Q

American derives its name from _______.

A

Amerigo Vespucci

• An Italian navigator, he sailed to South America a short time after Christopher Columbus and developed an advanced system for determine longitude.

57
Q

Founder of Muslim Mosque, Inc., _______ was assassinated in February 1965.

A

Malcolm X

58
Q

Feminist _________ founded Ms. magazine.

A

Gloria Steinem.

• One of the most recognizable faces (and voices) in feminism, she helped lead the woman’s rights movement.

59
Q

Jacqueline Kennedy eventually went on to marry _________ after her husband John’s death.

A

Aristotle Onassis. One of the richest men in the world, Onassis controlled a major shipping company, the Monte Carlo Casino, and Olympic Airways, among other holdings.

60
Q

_________’s belief that the sun was at the center of the universe led to his death during the Inquisition.

A

Galileo Galilei

• The first to ever use a telescope to study the stars

61
Q

__________ perfected the assembly line.

A

Henry Ford

• A practical man by all accounts, Ford’s mass production techniques aided him in making the Model T available for most every American.

62
Q

________ developed the Oedipus complex theory, and attributed most psychological problems (particularly sexual ones) to childhood occurrences.

A

Sigmund Freud

63
Q

The work of _________ led to the development of the atomic bomb and nuclear fission.

A

Albert Einstein

Humanities (10 decks)

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