Humanities Gilgamesh Test Flashcards
1
Q
What does Lapis Lazuli mean?
A
Noun: A bright blue metamorphic rock consisting largely of lazurite, used for decoration and in jewelry.
2
Q
What does perpetual mean?
A
Adjective: Never-ending or never-changing
3
Q
What does weariness mean?
A
Noun: Fatigue, extreme tiredness
4
Q
What does toil mean?
A
Verb: Work extremely hard or work incessantly
5
Q
What does incessantly mean?
A
Adverb: Constantly, without interruption
6
Q
What does pang mean?
A
Noun: A sudden sharp pain or a painful emotion
7
Q
What does loping mean?
A
Verb: Run or move with a long or bounding stride
8
Q
What does bridling mean?
A
Verb: To bring something under control, to curb
9
Q
What does it mean to marvel?
A
Verb: To be filled with wonder or astonishment
10
Q
What does winded mean?
A
Adjective: Having difficulty breathing because of exertion or a blow to the stomach
11
Q
What does summon mean?
A
Verb: To authoritatively or urgently call on someone
12
Q
What does restless mean?
A
Adjective: Unable to rest or relax due to anxiety or boredom
13
Q
What does devout mean?
A
Adjective: Religious, deeply comitted
14
Q
What does parapet mean?
A
Noun: Protective wall
15
Q
What is masonry?
A
Noun: Stonework
16
Q
What is a chasm?
A
Noun: A deep and long crack in the earth
17
Q
What does blaspheme mean?
A
Verb: To speak disrespectfully to God or sacred things
18
Q
What is a tendril?
A
Noun: A curl or ringlet usually off a plant
19
Q
What does it mean to slake?
A
Verb: To quench or satisfy
20
Q
What is a feat?
A
Noun: An achievement that requires great courage, skill, or strength
21
Q
What does mote mean?
A
Noun: A tiny part of a substance
22
Q
What does indistinguishable mean?
A
Adjective: Unable to distinguish/ Identify as different
23
Q
What does meticulously mean?
A
Adverb: Very thorough, show great attention to detail
24
Q
What does commissioned mean?
A
Verb: To give an order for something
25
What is a Carnelian?
Noun: An orangey semi-precious stone
26
What does shrouded mean?
Verb: Covered in something
27
What does endeavor mean?
Noun: An attempt to achieve a goal
28
What does unkempt mean?
Adjective: Having an untidy appearance
29
What does strident mean?
Adjective: Loud and/or harsh
30
What is a frieze?
Noun: A broad horizontal band of sculpted or painted decoration, especially on a wall near the ceiling
31
What does lithe mean?
Adjective: Thin, supple, graceful
32
What does it mean to reckon?
Verb: Consider, take into account
33
What does perseverance mean?
Noun: Persistence, determination
34
What does Hatti symbolize?
Knowledge and education
35
What does Enkidu symbolize?
The wild, "uncivilized" nature
36
What does Gilgamesh symbolize?
Civilization
37
What are some reasons that Hatti symbolizes knowledge and education?
--She teaches Enkidu how to drink wine, use utensils when eating, Sumerian language, and how to love (romance)
--She teaches him about life in Uruk
--She never laughs at Enkidu and always tries to teach him
--She is respectful and treats him like another human being
38
What are some reasons that Enkidu symbolizes "wild," uncivilized nature?
--He broke all the traps that hurt the wild animals and protected them from Hunter
--Aruru makes him out of mud, sticks, clay shells, made Enkidu out of wild things of nature
--He lives with the wild ass and dogs, and drinks their milk, sleeps outside, he considers these wild animals his family
--His wild family leaves and abandons him once they smell "civilization" on him
39
What are some reasons that Gilgamesh symbolizes civilization?
--Wore linens, gold, lapis lazuli which require technology or some kind of specialized skill to make
--He is a king, he has power and shows political structure and hierarchy in social structure
--He spends his people's sons like arrows in war
--He orders his people to build ziggurats (achievements, technology)
--He claims he is 2/3 god, showing religious power
--Wants to and succeeds in defeating Huwawa, the Guardian of the Cedar Forest for glory (legacy and uses cedar wood to build great structures)
40
U&N difference: In Utnapishtim, Utnapishtim was King of _______?
Shuruppak
41
U&N difference: In Utnapishtim, Utnapishtim and wife _______ became immortal.
Saba
42
U&N difference: In Utnapishtim, only Utnapishtim and wife were saved from the _______.
Flood
43
U&N difference: In Utnapishtim, flood was caused because _______ was annoyed at all the noise humans were making.
Enlil
44
U&N difference: In Utnapishtim, Rainbow was _______ necklace and became a rainbow.
Ishtar's
45
U&N difference: In Utnapishtim, rainstorm for ___ days and stopped on the ___ day.
6th, 7th
46
U&N difference: In Utnapishtim, the flood was only told to _______ and became a secret.
Utnapishtim
47
U&N difference: In Utnapishtim, built a ____ as a boat.
Box
48
U&N difference: In Utnapishtim, Utnapishtim releases a _______, ______, & ______ to see if there is land.
Dove, swallow, & raven
49
U&N difference: In Utnapishtim, the ______ never comes back, which is how Utnapishtim knows there is land.
Raven
50
U&N difference: In Utnapishtim, Utnapishtim is ______.
Polytheistic (many gods)
51
U&N difference: In Utnapishtim, Utnapishtim was not allowed to ______ in the ark.
Sleep
52
U&N difference: In Utnapishtim, before the flood, people were killed by ______ & ______ to destroy humans.
Plagues & famines
53
U&N difference: In Utnapishtim, _______ were also scared about the flood.
Gods
54
U&N difference: In Utnapishtim, the message of the story is that the gods are _______ - they do what they want.
Fickle
55
U&N similarities: both built a _______ and brought ___ of every animal species with them.
Boat, 2
56
U&N similarities: ______ at the end was a symbol to remember the flood.
Rainbow
57
U&N similarities: both release ______ to see if there is land.
Birds
58
U&N similarities: both also land on a ______, the tip of the tallest ______.
Mountain, mountain
59
U&N similarities: both are contacted by ______.
Gods/god
60
U&N similarities: both brought ______ on the boat.
Family members
61
U&N similarities: both ______ at the end, once they are on dry land.
Sacrifice
62
U&N similarities: both stories are about the ______.
Flood
63
U&N difference: In Noah, Noah and his entire _______ were saved (wife, 3 sons, and is his 3 daughters-in-law).
Family
64
U&N difference: In Noah, Noah was a (righteous) ______.
Commoner
65
U&N difference: In Noah, flood was caused by _______ because they were wicked, selfish, and greedy.
Humans
66
U&N difference: In Noah, rainbow was a reminder to God not to _______.
Flood the world again
67
U&N difference: In Noah, it rained for ___ days and ___ nights.
40, 40
68
U&N difference: In Noah, Noah is in the Ark for over _______ months until dry land.
6 months
69
U&N difference: In Noah, Noah does not obtain _______.
Immortality
70
U&N difference: In Noah, Noah _______ everyone about the flood but they didn't listen.
Warns
71
U&N difference: In Noah, the Ark had specific _______ and looked like a gigantic ______.
Requirements, house
72
U&N difference: In Noah, releases a ______ to check for dry land.
Dove
73
U&N difference: In Noah, ______ comes back and brings back an ______ branch.
Dove, olive
74
U&N difference: In Noah, the story is _______, one God.
Monotheistic
75
U&N difference: In Noah, Noah could ______.
Sleep
76
U&N difference: In Noah, the message for Noah was "have ____ in your God and he will ____ you." There is a sense of justice and morality.
Faith, save
77
How does Gilgamesh's appearance change from the beginning to the end of the story?
Beginning:
1. He is oiled and clean
2. He is "outrageously handsome"
3. He is wearing a fancy belt and a fancy necklace made out of lapis lazuli
End:
1. Skinny and bedraggled, "a wild, disheveled creature"
2. His hair, once curled and glossy, hangs down in "a dusty matter mass" past his waist
3. His kingly robes are ragged
78
How does Gilgamesh's behavior change from the beginning to the end of the story?
Beginning:
1. He is proud, arrogant, and lonely
2. He is cruel and uses his people's sons like arrows in war
3. He is confident and insensitive
End:
1. He cares about his legacy
2. He is a lot nicer and softer-spoken
3. He wants to have a baby (that he names after his dead friend) and take care of someone else
79
How does what Gilgamesh says change from the beginning to the end of the story?
Beginning:
1. "Tell me... did you meet anyone on the road? Someone on his way here? Someone... like me?" (He is lonely.)
2. "This blank. So far I've done nothing worth carving in stone. But soon! Soon, Enkidu!" He wants to perform great deeds.
3. "We have to make our mark! Don't we What are you afraid of?" He wants to make his mark and is unafraid of the consequences.
End:
1. "As Urshanabi pulled him aboard, Gilgamesh prattled and babbled like a little boy." He has been humbled.
2. "All gone, Urshanabi! What was it all for?... All that suffering and pain! What am I? Nobody! Some sick old man with nothing to show for it but tears!" He is defeated in some ways by the end, very humble, grieving and sad.
3. "I suppose you realize that this is incomplete?" he said, his voice harsh and rasping. "You have not recounted my death." He has accepted he will die.
80
How does what Gilgamesh thinks and feels change from the beginning to the end of the story?
Beginning:
1. He thinks he is the best - literally God's gift.
2. He feels lonely, but doesn't think of this as a sad feeling, really.
3. He is insensitive - spending his people's son's like arrows and working them like water.
End:
1. Worried and depressed about his friend's death and his losses.
2. He realizes the quality of life is more important than the quantity.
3. He feels OK with the fact his child will carry on his line.
81
How does Gilgamesh's relationship to others change from the beginning to the end of the story?
Beginning:
1. He is cruel to his people, working them too hard and spending their sons in war.
2. He is lonely and has only distant relationships with people other than his mother, until Enkidu comes along.
3. He is distant and dominating.
End:
1. He is close with his friend Enkidu and devastated when he dies.
2. He is afraid of death in in the middle, but comes to accept it.
3. He is more vulnerable with people around him, even those of a lower rank.
82
How does Gilgamesh's approach to problems change from the beginning to the end of the story?
Beginning:
1. At the start, he rules by diktat; his ideas are often insensitive and cruel.
2. He is arrogant enough to ask Shamash to allow him to kill Huwawa. He is insulting to Ishtar and kills the Bull of Heaven.
3. He is overall very aggressive and unafraid in his approach to problems.
End:
1. He is much more sensitive about what effect his decisions will have on his people.
2. He is more patient because he has accepted mortality.
3. He is more self-doubting because he has exprienced suffering; but he is also wiser because of this and more thoughtful.
83
How do Gilgamesh's goals change from the beginning to the end of the story?
At the beginning his primary goal seems to be to be a powerful, admired king. He wants a lot of glory and power. By the end, his goal is to love his son and be a good ruler. He wants to be recounted on the tablets as a good rules and king.
84
How does Gilgamesh's main characteristic change from the beginning to the end of the story?
At the start, he is cruel, arrogant, aggressive, and confident. At the end, he is kind, vulnerable, careful, and wise.
85
Images of the figure of Humbaba (Huwawa) were used as _____ _____.
Lucky charms
86
In one graphic of Huwawa (Humbaba), the clay mask looks like the coils of a _____ _____. Why?
Sheep's intestines. Because each feature of the organ was thought to have meaning, be a message from the Gods.
87
The Cedar Forest is modern ______.
Lebanon
88
Anu: the god of heavens (Marduk's grandfather) - his symbol is _____ _____. His animal is the _____.
Horned crown; bull
89
Marduk (Bel) is the son of _____.
Enki
90
Ishtar is the goddess of _____ and _____.
Love and war
91
Ereshkigal (Ishtar's sister) is the goddess of the _____.
The underworld
92
In the hero's journey, the hero often possesses supernatural abilities. What are some abilities that signal Gilgamesh is a hero?
--Extremely strong, ⅔ god
--Dangerously handsome
--Can talk to the gods/have a personal relationship with them
93
In the hero's journey, the hero is charged with a quest. What is Gilgamesh's quest?
--Make a friend
--Kill and defeat Huwawa (Possessing cedar from Cedar Forest to build Shamash’s Temple)
--Defeat the Bull of Heaven
--Gain immortality by (finding Utnapishtim)
--Obtain Old Man Young
--Understand how to love someone else besides oneself
94
In the hero's journey, the hero is tested, proving his worthiness. How is Gilgamesh tested?
--He is challenged by Enkidu and defeats him, but becomes his friend
--He rejects the seduction of Ishtar and her proposal
--He is challenged by and defeats Huwawa and the Bull of Heaven
--His friend Enkidu is taken away from him because he offends Ishtar and the gods, which makes him search for immortality
--As he seeks Utnapishtim to ask about immortality, he ventures through the wilderness, Mount Mashu and the Tunnel of Darkness, passes through the River of Death, obtains and loses Old Man Young, and does everything all over again to return to Uruk
95
In the hero's journey, there are often many magical or mythical creatures who are helpful to the hero. What are some in this story?
--Enkidu (made from mud, twigs, shells, etc by Aruru goddess of the dawn)
--Huwawa - Guardian of the Cedar Forest
--Bull of Heaven, Ishtar’s brother-in-law
--Scorpion-man and woman
--Ishtar (goddess of Love and War) and the other gods like Shamash (god of the sun), Enlil (chief god, god of wind), Ea a.k.a. Enki (god of freshwater, trickery, wisdom, intelligence, mischief)
--Siduri: alewife (beer brewer), wise female divinity linked to beer and fermentation
--Utnapishtim and his wife, Saba - gains immortality after surviving the flood
--Urshanabi - ferryman to Paradise Shore over the River of Death
96
In the hero's journey, the hero is often taken to the supernatural world. Where is Gilgamesh taken?
--Cedar Forest
--Gates of Shamash
--Mashu Mountain
--12 Leagues of Darkness
--Garden of the Gods
--Paradise Shore crosses River of Death
97
In the hero's journey, the hero usually ends up at a low point or appears defeated. What were Gilgamesh's low points?
--Death of Enkidu
--When he fails Utnapishtim’s sleep test and falls asleep
--When he loses Old Man Young to the snake
98
In the hero's journey, the hero is usually resurrected at some point. How was Gilgamesh resurrected?
--After losing Old Man Young, he travels back to Uruk with Urshanabi and he realizes how beautiful and special life is.
--He appreciates the lions he once wanted to kill.
--He appreciates Uruk and the people, and most of all he has found a friend again, Urshanabi.
--He has a son.
99
In the hero's journey, the hero takes his rightful place on the throne. How does this look for Gilgamesh?
--He returns to his kingly status, but as a changed man and takes the advice of Siduri and decides to live his life to the fullest and realizes he can gain “immortality” through his relationships, his feats, and his son
--He thinks of his legacy in the form of tablets and story-telling and cares what his people think of him and how he is thought of after his death
100
What are the elements of the hero's journey (8)?
1. A hero who often has SUPERNATURAL abilities
2. Charged with a QUEST
3. TESTED
4. Presence of MYTHICAL BEINGS
5. TRAVELS often to the SUPERNATURAL WORLD
6. Reaches a LOW POINT
7. Is RESURRECTED
8. Takes his RIGHTFUL PLACE on the THRONE
101
"The story of writing, astronomy and law - the story of civilization itself - begins" where?
Mesopotamia
102
The Akkadian Empire split into the ______ and ______ empires
Assyrian and Babylonian
103
104
The Mespotamians developed advanced mathematics, including what?
A base 60 system
105
What were some examples of the Mesopotamian base-60 system?
60-second minute, a 60-minute hour, and a 360-circular angle
106
Babylonians also divided one earth year into?...
They also divided the week into?....
....twelve period, each named after a prominent constellation in the heavens - the Greeks made this into the Zodiac
----seven days, named after seven gods.....
107
Why was Mespopotamia's success also its undoing?
Babylon in particular proved too rich a state to resist envy - in 539 BC the Persian king Cyrus conquered Babylon and it was then ruled by foreigners for centuries.
108
Who is the God of heavens (and Marduk's grandfather)?
Anu
109
Who is the god of wind, air, earth, and storms (not the first god, but the first to rule and is often associated with kings)?
Enlil
110
Who is the god of water and the god who told Utnapishtim of the coming flood?
Ea or Enki
111
Who is the son of Enki, Patron god of Babylon and the god of justice, compassion, healing, regeneration, magic, and fairness?
Marduk (Bel)
112
Who is the goddess of the salt sea depicted as a monster (a woman with a tail similar to a dragon), mother of gods, and also the chaos of creation?
Tiamat
113
Who is the goddess of love and war?
Ishtar
114
Who is the goddess of the underworld (and Ishtar's sister)?
Ereshkigal
115
Why was Enkidu an important figure in the epic? How does he influence Gilgamesh?
Think about it
116
What is the moral or the lesson learned from the Epic of Gilgamesh?
Think about it
117
Do you believe that it is better to live a long and uneventful life or a short but glorious life? Explain.
Think about it
118
What are some ways people from long ago tried to achieve youth?
--1600BC: an anti-wrinkle cream is recorded in the back of a papyrus
--6th Century BC: those who want to live longer are told to consume a mixture of things by an ancient Sanskrit medical text
1st Century BC: Cleopatra supposedly bathes in donkey's milk
13th Century AD: In the Cure of Old Age, a monk says to drink a mix of wine and powders made of gold, pearl, etc...
And etc.
119
What is transhumanism?
The current idea that we could transmute our physical bodies (by being uploaded to the cloud, for example) and live forever
120
Who was Henrietta Lacks? What
are Hela cells?
A poor black woman whose cancer cells (Hela cells) were cultured without her knowledge and created a long line of cells used in scientific research
121
What does the Hela in Hela cells stand for?
Henrietta Lacks
122
What are some reasons you might not want to live forever?
--All your friends and family might die
--You might live so long you would have trouble even remembering their names or attaching to new people
--Your body might get injured so many times that you would have trouble functioning (you might lose an eye or leg etc)
--You might have to witness an extinction event like an asteroid wiping out all of humanity
--You might get bored
123
Gilgamesh
(Differences from Nebuchadnezzar story)?
--The king of Uruk
Gilgamesh became insane over immortality
--Gilgamesh is ⅔ God
--Argent acts of slaying monsters
--Only a little bit insane
--Polytheistic gods
--Came in earlier than Gilgamesh
--Did Not glorify the gods
124
Gilgamesh & Nebuchadnezzar (Similarities)?
--They both started out mean and then became nice in the end
--Both had dreams
--Both went insane
--Both had a special friend
--Both were kings
--Both started out selfish
--Both talked to the gods
--Both get taught a lesson
--Both argent
--Both prideful
--Both used to be tyrant kings
--Both realized that they weren't immortal
--Both left civilization
--Both go through crazy emotions
--Both have advisors
--Both returned to tell their story
--Both have a religious message
--Both are dead
--Both wanted to be happy like the gods
125
Nebuchadnezzar
(Differences from the Gilgamesh story)
--Babylonian king
Nebuchadnezzar became insane because the gods made him like an animal
--Nebuchadnezzar is fully mortal
--Nebuchadnezzar wasn't looking for immortality
--Physically forced insane by god
--Does Not have a very close guide
--Came in later than Gilgamesh
--Glorified the gods
--Mentally insane for seven years
