Humanities Exam Flashcards
What were the factors affecting the Industrial Revolution?
The factors were political, economic, social, and technological (PEST) factors.
How did the economy change in 1760?
In the early 19th century, Britain experienced a dramatic population increase and the Industrial Revolution, leading to the growth of industries such as textiles, iron, and steel production. The coal industry was also essential for steam trains. Traditional agriculture and cottage industries were replaced by mechanized manufacturing, leading to increased efficiency in production. Capitalism, which was the idea of private ownership, became the dominant economic system, and the growth of factories and industries allowed greater investments from entrepreneurs and investors and created the capitalists classes.
Define Urbanisation:
Urbanisation is the increase in the population of people relocating to towns or cities to find work or housing. In terms of the Industrial Revolution, this affected the economy and technological advances, such as selective breeding to increase meat and wool production.
What change in perspective did the Industrial Revolution bring to economics?
There was a new approach to economic management known as laissez-faire, a French term meaning “let do”, whereby individuals had more freedom to conduct their own business rather than being dictated by government policies.
What positive effects did the Industrial Revolution bring?
Laissez faire- individuals had freedom for their own business
Advance in economic thinking- Bank of England ensured there was capital for investment and low-interest rates
Capitalism- private individuals and companies own property and goods, rather than the government, generate greater revenue by exporting goods. Coal= more steam engines and reduced energy
costs.
Advances in technology- cottage industry and the innovation of spinning jenny and the important innovation of steam engines.
What was the effect of revolutionising transport?
Revolutionising transport meant that roads and canals and other modes of transports would be developed, leading to greater movement of people and goods. The British set up turnpike trusts to address poorly built roads and provide funds to build new roads, and developing canals meant that heavy goods such as coal could be transported across the country rather than via the coast.
What were the key dates of Federation?
The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act was presented to British Parliament in 1900, and was passed on 5th July, 1900.
On January 1, 1901, the Constitution of Australia began, with new territories and states combining to become the Commonwealth of Australia.
In 1908, it was decided Australia’s capital will be Canberra.
Define Terra Nullius:
A Latin phrase meaning ‘nobody’s land’, used to deem Australia uninhabited and gave Britain the rights to seize and occupy and impose laws to the nation.
What was the White Australia Policy Act?
Australia’s leaders saw immigration as an issue of paramount importance, as non-white immigrants would steal Australian jobs, so they enacted the Immigration Restriction Act in 1901 to seal the entrance of immigrants. It consists of an immigration officer selecting any European language and offering the applicant to translate it into English, a method that was deemed biased and was in place for 60 years, until the relaxation of WWII. Another aspect of the White Australia Policy Act came about in blackbirding, where plantation owners from Queensland’s sugar and cotton industry kidnap or coerce Islanders to work for them- also known as the Pacific Islander Labourer Act in 1901. It was also to stop Japan military invasion in WWII.
End of WW1 key dates
WWI official ending: 11th November, 1918, due to an armistice by Germany
Treaty of Versailles: 28th June 1919
Russia exit war: 3rd March, 1918
Alliances of WWI
There were 2 main alliances, the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance.
Triple Entente- France, Britain, and Russia
Triple Alliance- Germany, Austro-Hungary, and Italy.
Elaborate on the Treaty of Versailles:
Germany was held responsible for the war, and paid reparations to the Allies as compensation. They lost land to France and Poland, and their military was reduced to 100,000 soldiers. Moreover, the War Guilt Clause was the main reason for the Treaty of Versailles.
Explain Child Labour during the Industrial Revolution.
Many mill owners employed child labour as they were a cheap source of labour, and could fit under machines to repair breaks. The children used were usually “apprentices,” orphans who were sent to work by factory owners, and they had few rights. They suffered physical deformities while working in the mines and were treated like slaves in hazardous factories. In 1833, the British government passed the Factory Act which improved conditions for children working in factories, such as an age restriction and time limit for work, however many still suffered malnutrition and diseases.
What was Charles Darwin’s challenge to the church?
In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, a book specifying the theory of evolution that the English clergy saw as a threat to British society. His observations on the Galapagos Islands helped him formulate his ideas regarding evolution, which was that different species evolved to suit their environment, also known as ‘natural selection,’ challenging the Christian ideology that God created plants and animals.
Reasons For Federation
Defense: Other colony development leads to concern for safety as an outpost of the European Empire, Fear of China and Japan’s invasion of Australian wealth, General Sir James Bevan Edwards said a united force could protect Australia and strengthen the army.
Immigration: In the 19th Century, people wanted the British heritage of colonies, and were concerned that non-white labor could compete with colonies for their jobs. There was also the extension of gold fields in the 1850s, which Australia wanted to preserve as internal wealth.
Transport- make a united railway system
National Identity- everyone was given fair opportunities (egalitarianism), also promoting nationalism, and defending for whole country’s interests.
Trades- tariffs to tax goods that crossed borders, a currency for Australia.