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Anth 1210 > Human Variation > Flashcards

Human Variation Flashcards

1
Q

What is micro evolution

A

Changes in gene frequencies influencing human genetic and phenotypic variation

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2
Q

What are the factors of variation?

A

Mutation
Gene flow
Random genetic drift
Natural selection

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3
Q

What is natural selection

A

Change in allele frequency relative to specific environmental factors

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4
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Shift in the average value for a continuous trait

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5
Q

What is Bergman’s rule?

A

Warmer areas have more slender body’s and cooler areas have more robust bodies

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6
Q

What is Allen’s rule?

A

Warmer areas= protruding body parts(limbs longer) cooler = shorter

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7
Q

What is a complex trait

A

Genetic potential in concert with environmental influences

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8
Q

What is normalizing selection

A

Selection for the mean (against the tail in a graph)

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9
Q

What is balancing selection

A

When the heterozygote (Aa) has a greater fitness relative to either homozygous dominant and recessive

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10
Q

What is the typical time of a round trip for a red blood cell?

A

30-45 seconds

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11
Q

Where are red blood cells created

A

Stem cells in bone marrow

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12
Q

What’s the typical life expectancy of red blood cells? What about with sickle cell?

A

120 days

Sickle cell 2-3 weeks

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13
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

A

More likely that the cell will sickle infers stress, which would block blood flow and cause organ and tissue damage

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14
Q

What is a reflective spectrophotometer?

A

Provides a quantitative measure of skin pigmentation and can evaluate genetic and environmental effect

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15
Q

What is a complex trait?

A

Multiple genes and environmental factors

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16
Q

Define tanning

A

The result of exposure to sunlight (uv radiation)

17
Q

What are age spots?

A

Uneven pigmentation due to damage melanocytes

18
Q

What are the 3 hypotheses in skin pigmentation?

A
  • Skin cancer
  • cold injury
  • vitamin d hypothesis
19
Q

Why is vitamin d important?

A

Helps with the absorption of dietary calcium

20
Q

What does darker pigmentation provide?

A
  • malignant melanoma

- skin gland from uv damage (thermoregulation)

21
Q

Why was lighter skin pigmentation selected for in more temperate locations?

A
  • low uv rays challenge vitamin D synthesis

- darker skin can require 6 times as long to make same amount of vitamin D as lighter skin

22
Q

What happens when the body is deficient in vitamin D

A

-can impair calcium absorption leading to rickets or osteomalacia

23
Q

What cultural factors can limit vitamin D exposure?

A
  • clothing
  • industrial revolution
  • sunscreen
  • vitamin D is added to milk and juice
24
Q

What percentage of women and children have vitamin D deficiency in northern Manitoba?

A

76% of women

43% of children

25
Q

What marks the beginning of the neolithic?

A

Appearance of cultivation and domestication about 10000 years ago

26
Q

What is cultivation

A

Hunting and gathering skill-recognized plant reproduction and knew how it occurred, started collecting and planting seeds

27
Q

What is domestication?

A

When cultivated plants and animals are modified, different from wild varieties

28
Q

When did humans start to collect wild grasses?

A

12000-10000ya

29
Q

What are the archeological ways to determine domestication

A
  • animals found outside of their natural range
  • physical changes with domestication
  • increase of population size relative to other animals
30
Q

When is the first evidence for a close relationship between humans and dogs(wolves)

A

12000 ya (Mesolithic)

31
Q

What are he consequences of domestication and agriculture

A
  • Feelings of land ownership
  • decline in quantity of diet
  • increased insecurity (crop failure)
  • crowd diseases
  • population grown
  • environmental degradation
  • increase labour
32
Q

Benefits of agriculture?

A
  • Reliability of food supply
  • opportunity for social complexity
  • fuel behind the origins of cities and states

Anth 1210 (8 decks)

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