Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery

Question 1

Define Modern Day Slavery - Modern Slavery Act 2015

Answer 1

A person commits an offence if:

a) The person holds another person in slavery or servitude and the circumstances are such that the person knows or ought to know that the other person is held in slavery or servitude, or
b) The person requires another person to perform forced or compulsory labour and the circumstance are such that the person knows or ought to know that the other person is being required to perform force or compulsory labour

Question 2

List the offences which come under the umbrella term ‘Modern Slavery’

Answer 2

• Slavery
• Force labour
• Exploitation
• Servitude
• Human Trafficking

Question 3

Describe Internal Trafficking

Answer 3

Recruiting vulnerable children and adults, moving them to another place, often another country. Using threats, force or deception to make them do something against their will. Exploiting them to make money or provide services for their traffickers.

Question 4

Explain the Three Constituent Elements

Answer 4

1. Act:

• Recruitment
• Receipt
• Transport
• Transfer
• Harbouring

2. Means:

• Force
• Deception
• Coercion
• Abduction
• Fraud
• Abuse of Power
• Abuse of position of vulnerability
• Payment or receipt of a benefit to person with control of another

3. Purpose:

• Exploitation

Question 5

List types of exploitation

Answer 5

• Sexual
• Labour
• Criminal
• Domestic Servitude
• Organ Harvesting

Question 6

List signs/indicators for adults in terms of modern slavery and human trafficking

Answer 6

• No personal identification or passport/documents held by someone else
• Lack of money/control over own finances or lack of access to earnings, receiving cash for work
• Living/sleeping in the place of work
• Not wearing clothes suitable for work or weather, unkempt appearance
• Limited contact with family and limited social contact taken to and from work
• Others seeking to speak for the person you are trying to engage with, no eye contact
• Living or found in ‘degrading’ conditions
• Unkempt, dirty, tired, appearance

Question 7

List signs/indicators for young people in terms of modern slavery and human trafficking

Answer 7

• Children living with non relevant families, children not in education
• Signs of branding/ownership
• Limited contact with family and limited social contact
• Signs of physical abuse
• Lack of access to medical care
• Injuries apparently as a result of ill treatment, or from work, or restraints e.g. shackles, or rope
• Extreme reaction to authority or a male (shying away, overtly suggestive)
• Lifestyles they can’t afford, e.g. new mobile, clothes, money, food

Question 8

List barriers to reporting

Answer 8

• Lack of awareness that they are a victim
• Unaware that help is there
• Language barrier
• Controlled movements or accompanied by trafficker
• Isolation
• Comparison of situation to a worse one
• Immigration status
• Involvement in criminal activity
• ‘Stockholm Syndrome’
• Stigma
• Self-blame
• Juju

Question 9

List the health impacts of Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking

Answer 9

• Fatigue
• Headaches
• Dizzy spells
• Back pain
• Memory problems
• Forced or coerced use of alcohol/drugs
• Emotional manipulation and isolation
• PTSD
• Economic exploitation
• Suicidal ideation or attempts
• Depression symptoms or disorders
• Anxiety symptoms or disorders

Question 10

Explain the NRM (National Referral Machanism)

Answer 10

The process whereby ‘first responder organisations’ send the referral to the relevant ‘competent authority’ who then:

• Identify a victim of trafficking
• Grant a ‘reflection delay’
• Refer a person to support services
• Issue a residence permit