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Biology Paper 1 > Human Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems > Flashcards

Human Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Order these from smallest
to largest: organ, cell,
organism, tissue, organ
system

A

Cell, tissue, organ, organ
system, organism

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2
Q

What is tissue?

A

A group of specialised cells with
similar structure performing the
same function

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

An aggregation of tissues that
perform a specific function; e.g.
the stomach is an organ made of
muscular tissue to churn the
contents, epithelial tissue to
cover the inside and outside of
the stomach and glandular tissue
to produce digestive enzymes

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4
Q

What is an organ
system?

A

A collection of organs that
perform a specific function

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5
Q

Name the components of
the digestive system

A

Salivary glands, oesophagus,
stomach, pancreas, liver, small
intestines, large intestines

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6
Q

What is the function of
saliva?

A

Lubricate food so it is easier to
swallow.
Contains amylase to start
digesting carbohydrates.

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7
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

A 20cm long tube that connects
the mouth to the stomach.

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8
Q

What is the anus?

A

Opening at the end of the digestive system.

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9
Q

What is the function of
the stomach?

A

Releases protease. Ensures pH at 2-3 so
protease works at optimum.

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10
Q

What is the function of
the liver?

A

To produce bile which is then stored in
the gall bladder.

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11
Q

What is the function of
bile?

A

To emulsify fats – break up large fat
drops into small fat droplets. Bile is
alkaline so it also neutralises stomach
acid

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12
Q

What is the function of
the small intestines?

A

To absorb soluble foods into the blood
stream; this is where digestion occurs

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13
Q

What is the function of
the pancreas?

A

Produces carbohydrase, protease,
lipase.

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14
Q

What is the function of
the large intestines?

A

Absorb water and salts from the
undigested food producing faeces

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15
Q

What are villi?

A

Finger-like1cell-thick projections of the
lining of the small intestines to increase
the surface area for an increased rate of
diffusion/absorption of nutrients into the
blood stream. One cell thick to shorten
the diffusion distance. Good blood supply
to maintain diffusion gradient.

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16
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Walls of the digestive system have rings
of muscles around them which contract
behind the bolus (ball of food) to push it along

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17
Q

What are carbohydrates
broken down into?

A

Glucose molecules

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18
Q

What are proteins broken
down into?

A

Polypeptides first which are
further broken down into amino
acids

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19
Q

What are lipids (fats) broken
down into?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol.

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20
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The molecule on which an enzyme acts.

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21
Q

What is the active site of an
enzyme?

A

The region of the enzyme that
binds to the substrate.

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22
Q

What is the lock and key
principle?

A

Enzymes are specific for each
substrate. The substrate fits
into the active site like a key
fits into a lock to help break
substrate bonds.

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23
Q

What happens to enzymes at
high temperatures/extreme
pH?

A

They denature. The shape of
the active site is permanently
distorted.

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24
Q

Why don’t enzymes work well
at very low temperatures?

A

Kinetic energy too low.

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25
How do you test for starch?
Add iodine which will turn blue- black if starch is present.
26
How do you test for glucose?
Add 10ml of Benedict’s solution (blue) to 1ml of sample. Warm. A red-brick precipitate will form.
27
How do you test for proteins?
To 2ml of sample add 2ml of Biuret solution. If a protein is present the colour will change to light lilac purple. If no protein is present, the colour will be cloudy blue.
28
How do you test for fats/lipids?
Half fill a test tube with water. Add 1 drop of sample. Shake the test tube. If a fat is present, an emulsion will form.
29
What is an artery?
A large blood vessel that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
30
What is a vein?
A large blood vessel that returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
31
What is a capillary?
A blood vessel that joins arteries and veins. Substances pass through capillary walls to and from the surrounding cells.
32
What does the right atrium do?
Receives blood from the body
33
What does the vena cava do?
Returns blood from the body.
34
What does the right ventricle do?
Pumps blood from the heart to the lungs.
35
What does the left ventricle do?
Pumps blood from the heart to the body.
36
What does the left atrium do?
Receives blood from the lungs.
37
What do the pulmonary veins do?
Return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
38
What is the job of the pulmonary artery?
Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
39
What does the aorta do?
Carry oxygenated blood at high pressure from the heart to the body.
40
How many chambers does the heart have?
4 – left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle
41
Which chambers are the ventricles?
The bottom ones.
42
How does the heart prevent blood flowing back from the ventricles into the atria?
Valves prevent the backflow of blood.
43
Which has a thicker wall – a ventricle or an atrium?
Ventricle
44
Which has a thicker wall, an artery or a vein?
Artery. They carry blood at high pressure.
45
Which contain valves, arteries or veins?
Veins.
46
Which are wider, veins or arteries?
Veins
47
What are the three components of blood?
White blood cells, red blood cells, plasma.
48
What is haemoglobin?
The protein in red blood cells that can temporarily bind with oxygen to carry it around the body.
49
What is oxyhaemoglobin?
The substance formed when oxygen binds to haemoglobin.
50
How are red blood cells adapted to perform their function?
No nucleus and biconcave to increase SA to carry oxygen.
51
What are platelets?
Cell fragments. These join together to make a scab and release clotting factors which turn fibrinogen into fibrin. This then forms a mesh that traps platelets to form a scab.
52
What is blood plasma?
A straw-coloured liquid in which blood cells and platelets are suspended in. Glucose, carbon dioxide, amino acids, urea all are dissolved in plasma.
53
What are coronary arteries?
Arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.
54
What is Atherosclerosis?
A medical condition resulting from an unhealthy lifestyle that reduces the flexibility of arteries due to a build up of fatty material in the coronary arteries.
55
What is Cholesterol?
A biological molecule needed for cell membranes which can also lead to atherosclerosis if found in high concentration in blood.
56
What is a heart attack?
When there is a blockage in the coronary arteries leading to the death of some heart muscle tissue.
57
What is a heart bypass?
A small section of artery is moved from one part of the body to short-circuit the blockage in the coronary artery.
58
What is a stent?
A small mesh that is inserted into an artery to keep it open and allow blood to flow through.
59
How do you know you might have a faulty valve?
You are breathless, feel tired, feel dizzy and have chest pain.
60
What happens when you have a faulty valve?
It is replaced using an artificial or a donor valve.
61
What do doctors do when someone suffers heart failure?
Heart or heart-lung transplant. Use a pacemaker.
62
How do you prevent heart problems?
Eat a balanced diet Do regular exercise Reduce stress Seek help for mental and physical difficulties.
63
What is the meaning of the term malignant?
Malignant tumour cells are cancers. They invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours.
64
What is the meaning of the term benign?
Benign tumours are growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane. They do not invade other parts of the body.
65
What are the symptoms of cancer?
A lump formed by the tumour. Unexplained bleeding, a long- term cough, a loss of weight without dieting.
66
What are the causes of cancers?
Smoking, too much alcohol, viruses (e.g. HPV), genetic disorders inherited from parents, ionising radiation, environmental pollutants, obesity, age.
67
What is a risk factor?
An aspect of your lifestyle or substance in your body that increases the risk of a disease developing.
68
What does the word causation mean?
The act of making something happen. Some risk factors can cause diseases.
69
What does the word correlation mean?
When an action and outcome are linked but the action does not necessarily cause the outcome.
70
What is a carcinogen?
A cancer-causing substance, e.g. tar, asbestos, UV light, X- rays.
71
What are alveoli?
Tiny air sacs found in the lungs through which gases exchange between blood and air.
72
What factors affect the rate of diffusion?
-the difference in concentrations (concentration gradient) -the temperature -the surface area of the membrane.
73
How do you increase the exchange of material?
Have a larger surface area. Thin membrane for a short diffusion path. Efficient blood supply. Increased ventilation.
74
The larger the surface area : volume ratio, the.....
Faster the exchange of materials.

Biology Paper 1 (12 decks)

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