Cells And Simple Transport

Question 1

What are the parts of most human and animal cells?

Answer 1

Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes

Question 2

What is the function of
the nucleus?

Answer 2

Controls the cell activities

Question 3

What is the function of
the cell membrane?

Answer 3

Controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell

Question 4

What is the function of
the cytoplasm?

Answer 4

Where most reactions take place

Question 5

What is the function of
ribosomes?

Answer 5

Where protein synthesis occurs

Question 6

What is the function of
mitochondria?

Answer 6

Where most energy is released
during respiration

Question 7

What is an organelle?

Answer 7

A part of a cell with a specific function.

Question 8

What are the additional
parts of plant cells?

Answer 8

Permanent vacuole, chloroplasts,
cell wall

Question 9

What is the function of
the cell wall?

Answer 9

Made of cellulose to strengthen the
plant and provide structure

Question 10

What is the function of
chloroplasts?

Answer 10

Contain chlorophyll which absorb
light energy to make food during
photosynthesis

Question 11

What is the function of
the permanent vacuole?

Answer 11

Filled with cell sap; pressure in
vacuole keeps cell turgid.

Question 12

Bacterial cells consist of…

Answer 12

Cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, small ring of DNA (plasmid); flagella for movement

Question 13

What are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 13

Cells that have a nucleus (e.g. all plant and animal cells) packed with chromosomes.

Question 14

What are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 14

Single celled organisms that do not contain a nucleus (e.g. bacteria). They are smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Question 15

What is the average diameter of an animal cell?

Answer 15

10-30μm

Question 16

What is the average length of a plant cell?

Answer 16

10-100μm

Question 17

What is the average diameter
of a bacterial cell?

Answer 17

0.2-2μm

Question 18

By which process do dissolved
substances move in and out of
cells?

Answer 18

Diffusion (moving from an area
of high concentration to low
concentration)

Question 19

What affects the rate of
diffusion?

Answer 19

Concentration difference,
temperature, surface area of
the cell membrane

Question 20

By which process does oxygen
diffuse into and out of cells?

Answer 20

Diffusion

Question 21

How are sperm
cells adapted?

Answer 21

1. Tail to help them swim.
2. Large number of mitochondria in middle
   section to release energy during
   respiration for movement.
3. Acrosome stores digestive enzymes for
   breaking down the outer layer of the
   egg.
4. Large nucleus contains DNA to pass on.

Question 22

How are nerve
cells adapted?

Answer 22

1. Lots of dendrites to make connections to
   other nerve cells.
2. Long axon to carry messages across
   long distances.
3. Lots of mitochondria in nerve endings to
   provide energy for production of
   chemical messengers.

Question 23

How are muscle
cells adapted?

Answer 23

1. They contain special proteins that slide
   over each other making the fibres
   contract.
2. Contain many mitochondria to release
   energy needed for chemical reactions
   that take place as muscles contract and
   relax.
3. Can store glycogen, a chemical that can
   be broken down and used in respiration
   to transfer energy needed for the fibres
   to contract.

Question 24

How are root hair
cells adapted?

Answer 24

1. Large surface area for increased rate
   of water uptake.
2. Large permanent vacuole with a high
   concentration of nutrients to provide a
   concentration gradient so it speeds up
   movement of water by osmosis from
   the soil across the root hair cell.
3. Many mitochondria that release
   energy needed for active transport of
   mineral ions into the root hair cells.

Question 25

How are xylem cells adapted?

Answer 25

1. Form long hollow tubes that allow water and mineral ions to move through them. 2. Spirals and rings of lignin make them very strong and help them withstand the pressure of water moving up the plant.

Question 26

How are phloem cells adapted?

Answer 26

1. Contain sieve plates which allow water carrying dissolved food to move evenly up and down the tubes. 2. Are supported by companion cells which contain a lot of mitochondria to transfer energy needed to move dissolved food up and down the cell.

Question 27

How are photosynthetic cells adapted?

Answer 27

1. Contain chlorophyll that trap light needed for photosynthesis. 2. Positioned in continuous layers in leaves and outer layer of stem. 3. Large permanent vacuole that keep leaf spread out to increase the SA.