Human Skeletal System Flashcards
tubercle
a bumpy area of bone where muscle tendons and ligaments attach
tronchanter
similar to tubercle
only found in the femur
two tronchanters. a greater and lesser
serve as areas of attachment for tendon and ligaments
condyle
smooth, convex articular (joint) surface
fossa
hollow and depressed are
foramen
channel in bone
allows other structures (nerves, blood vessels) to pass through bone
long bone
has to epiphyses and a diaphysis.
adult have a hollow diaphysis that stores yellow fats in medullary cavity
medullary cavity
stores yellow fat in hollow diaphysis
surrounded by compact bone
short bone
equal length and width
made of cortial bone. cortial bone is surrounded spongy bone tissue and bone marrow
irregular
non uniform and complex appearance and therefore not easily characterized
fit together like a puzzle and work together as a functional units. (e.g spine pelvis and facial bones)
surface is notched and rigid
skeletal system
includes bones and cartilage
ligaments and connective tissue
5 primary functions of skeletal system
support storage of minerals e.g calcium and lipids(yellow marrow) blood cell production (red marrow) protection leverage(movement)
6 bone classifications
flat sutural irregular long sesamoid short
flat bones
thin, roughly parallel surfaces
e.g cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae
protect underlying soft tissue
provide area for skeletal muscle attachment
sutural bones
aka wormian bones
irregular and formed between cranial bones
number size and shape vary
long bones
relatively long and slender
e.g various limbs
sesamoid
small, flat and somewhat shaped like a sesame seed
develop inside tendons of kneee, hands and feet
location and number vary individually
bone markings
aka surface features
elevation/projection
muscle tendon and ligament attachment
located at joints where adjacent bones articulate
depression/groove/tunnels
sites for blood vessel or nerves to lie alongside or penetrate bone
Bone markings—elevations or projections
– Process—any projection or bump – Tubercle—small, rounded projection – Tuberosity—small, rough projection that takes up a broad area
Bone markings—elevations or projections 2
Trochlea—smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley – Condyle—smooth, rounded articular process
Bone markings—elevations or projections
continued
Trochanter—large, rough
projection
– Facet—small, flat articular
surface
Bone markings—elevations or projections
(continued) 2.0
Crest—prominent ridge
– Line—low ridge, more delicate than a crest
– Spine—pointed or narrow process
– Ramus—extension of a bone that makes an angle with
the rest of a structure
• Bone markings—depressions, grooves, and
tunnels
Canal or meatus—large passageway through
a bone
– Sinus—chamber within a bone, normally filled
with air
– Foramen—small, rounded passageway for blood
vessels or nerves to pass through
bone
Bone markings—depressions, grooves, and tunnels
continued
– Fissure—elongated cleft or gap
– Sulcus—deep, narrow groove
– Fossa—shallow depression or recess in bone surface
– Epiphysis
(expanded area at each end of the bone) • Consists largely of spongy bone (trabecular bone) • Outer covering of compact bone (cortical bone) –Strong, organized bone
Articular cartilage
Covers portions of
epiphysis that form
articulations
Metaphysis
(connects
epiphysis to shaft)
Diaphysis
(shaft) • Contains medullary cavity (marrow cavity) –Filled with two types of marrow »Red bone marrow (involved in red blood cell production) »Yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue; important as energy reserve)
Structure of Flat Bone
Resembles a sandwich of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone • Within the cranium, the layer of spongy bone between the compact bone is called the diploë • No large medullary cavity as in long bone
The skeleton is classified into
The axial skeleton
The appendicular skeleton
The Axial Skeleton
Forms the longitudinal axis of the body • Has 80 bones • Consist of: • The skull & bones associated with the skull • The vertebral column • The thoracic cage
Functions of the Axial Skeleton
– Supports and protects organs in body cavities
- Attaches to muscles of head, neck, and trunk
- Performs respiratory movements
- Stabilizes parts of appendicular skeleton
The Appendicular Skeleton
126 bones
– Includes all bones besides axial skeleton
• The limbs (upper and lower)
• The supportive girdles (pectoral and pelvic)
– Function:
• Allows us to move and manipulate objects
