human rights Flashcards
1
Q
when was the universal declaration of human rights founded
A
in 1945
2
Q
when was the universal declaration of human rights adopted
A
10th December 1948
3 years after the intial founding
3
Q
how many articles in the universal declaration of human rights
A
30
4
Q
what does the universal declaration of human rights do
A
upholds a degree of accountaibilty and without it many atrocities would still happen
5
Q
what is amnesty international
A
a charity responsible for drawing attention to and supporting victimes of human right abuses across the world
6
Q
what are the millenium development goals
A
-Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
-Achieve universal primary education.
-Promote gender equality and empower women.
-Reduce child mortality.
-Improve maternal health.
-Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
-Ensure environmental sustainability.
-Global partnership for development.
7
Q
what article of the universal declaration of human rights does forced labour and capital punishment violate
A
Article 3 which is a basic human right
8
Q
what is the definition of forced labour
A
a situation where individuals are coerced to work through violence of accumulated debt
9
Q
how many people are victims of forced labour
A
21 million
10
Q
how many people are exploited by private individuals
A
19 million
4.5 million of which are victims of sexual exploitation
11
Q
how much money does forced labour gain a year
A
$150 billion a year
12
Q
who are the most vulnerable to forced labour
A
migrants and indigenous people
13
Q
how many people in US are enslaved
A
400,000 people in US
14
Q
where are most enslaved people from
A
Africa
15
Q
how many people are in forced labour according to Global Estimates of Modern Slavery
A
49.6 million
1/4 of which are children
16
Q
how many people are in forced marriages according to Global Estimates of Modern Slavery
A
22 million
215 are children
17
Q
how many people are in modern slavery in North Korea
A
104.6 per 1,000 people
18
Q
how many people are in modern slavery in Eritrea
A
90.3 per 1,000 people
19
Q
which country had teh most people in modern slavery
A
north korea
20
Q
which country had the least number of people in modern slavery
A
Australia
21
Q
what are the factors influencing the global variations of forced labour?
A
Economic
Political
Social
Environmental
22
Q
what are the economic factors influencing global variations of forced labour?
A
- poverty (leading to desperation)
- lack of economic opportunity
- low wages
- migration and seeking work
- subsidence farming (personal)
23
Q
how does subsidence farming influence global variation of forced labour?
A
- substinence farming
lead to irregular income
lead to people living in poverty
lead to people seeking employment due to desperation
people are more likely to enter forced labour
24
Q
what are the political factors influencing global variations of forced labour?
A
- conflict
- breakdown of rule of law
- corruption
- high level of discrimination
- political instability (economic loss or corruption)
- cotton harvesting in Uzbekistan (state sponsorship)
25
how does political instability, e.g. corruption, influence the global variations of forced labour?
Corruption
lead to it not being safe when working
lead to migration
increases vulnerability
26
what are the social factors influecing the global variations of forced labour?
- Age (children are more vulnerable)
- Entire families enslaved
- Woman/child trafficking for sexual exploitation
- indigenous people
- gender inequalities
27
how does womens gender inequalities influence the global variations of forced labour?
- women take 'hospitality' jobs in other countries
- often end up in sex work not 'hospitality'
- women are trapped due to money being removed and passports taken
28
how does mens gender inequalities influence the global variations of forced labour?
- men are often the 'breadwinner'
- they migrate for better work
- they are forced into physical labour
- poor conditions
- passports taken
- trapped in forced labour
29
what has been the debate about capital punishment?
Its been debated for centuries whether its morally acceptable and under what circumstances
30
what are the factors that influence the global variations of capital punishment?
- differences in type of crime for which its imposed
- is it legal in that country
- increase in number of countries its been abolished
- reinstatement in some countries due to threats to national/public security posed by terrorism
31
what does FGM stand for?
Female Genital Mutilation
32
what article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights does female genital mutilation violate?
Article 3
33
what is female genital mutilation?
Procedures that involves partial or total removal of external female genetalia for non-medical reasons
34
how many countries have female genital mutilation?
30 countries have FGM prevelant
35
how many women have suffered female genital mutialation?
130 million women alive today have experienced FGM
36
how many women in Britain have undergone female genital mutilation?
100,000 women in Britain have undergone FGM
37
how many children are at risk of female genital mutilation?
20,000 children are at risk of FGM a year
38
why is female genital mutilation prevelant?
- idea of keeping a women's purity and cleanliness
- power over females body
- society seeing women as objects (for sex or marriage)
- cultural pressure to not break tradition
- lack of knowledge of health issues
39
why is female genital mutilation a human rights abuse?
- it removes a women's right to her body
- due to society/family taking control, she will become more vulnerable to lack of salary, rape, forced marriage
40
where is most gender inequality?
In Africa and Middle-east countries.
Typically the EDC/LIDC countries
41
where is ethiopia on the gender gap index?
below 0.6
It also has a high prevelance of FGM which links to why their gender inequality is so high
42
how many of those living in extreme poverty are women?
70% of those living in extreme poverty are women
43
how much lower are womens wages?
womens wages are 30-40% lower than mens, for the same jobs
44
how many women die from conditions related to childbirth or pregnancy?
500,000 women die from conditions related to childbirth or pregnancy
45
how many women ages 15-40 die?
75% more women die than men in the 15-40 age gap
46
what are the issues affecting men in only ACs?
- Poor mental health
- Low education attendance
- Low university attendance
- High suicide rates
47
what are the issues affecting men in only EDCs?
there are no issues affecting men in only EDCs
48
what are the issues affecting men in both ACs and EDCs?
- Societal expectations
- Low life expectancy
- Conscription and military death
- Longer custodial sentences
49
what are the issues affecting women in only ACs?
- Stalking
- Underrepresentation in sports, culture
50
what are the issues affecting women in only EDCs?
- Female Genital Mutilation
- Honour killing
- Breast ironing
- Deny education
51
what are the issues affecting women in both ACs and EDCs?
- street harrassment
- rape as a weapon of war
- rape conviction below 7%
- female infanticide
- pay inequality
- rape
- femicide
- sex trafficking
- upskirting
52
what is the united nations?
Inter-government organisation
53
when did the united nations start?
In 1945
The declaration of intent was signed in 1942
54
what is the history of the united nations?
- Declaration of intent was signed in 1942 by 26 nations
- By 1944, the aims, structure and roles were agreed
- it aims to maintain peace and security so there isnt another world war
55
where is the main headquarters of the united nations?
In Manhattan on land that doesn't belong to USA and is international territory
56
how many states have signed the UN charter?
Initially only 50 countries, but now there are 193 member states
Only 2 countries and one state haven't signed
57
who hasn't signed the UN charter?
Palestine
The Vatican
North Korea
58
what does the UN charter state?
All member countries should;
- maintain international peace and security
- uphold international law
- maintain a higher standard of living for citizens
- address economic, social and health related problems
- promote universal respect and rights
59
how should members act according to the united nations?
- all members have sovereign equality
- countries settle differences peacefully
- members should refrain from threatening or using force against other members
- give the UN assistance in any action it takes
- no members should intervene with a countries domestic affairs
60
how is the united nations funded?
- It is funded through mandatory contributions from all members, assessed on their ability to pay
- there is also voluntary contributions that countries can choose to give which will be held and used for relief and development
61
how was the most money spent from the United Nations in 2016?
$8.9 billion was on UN peacekeeping
$5.7 billion was on UN budget
$5.4 billion was on UNICEF
62
in 2021, where was the most of United Nations money spent?
Most was spent on the world health organisation
63
what social factors does the united nations help with?
- youth
- ageing
- food
- ending poverty
- children
- peace and security
64
what environmental factors does the united nations help with?
- climate change
- oceans and law of the sea
- sustainable development goals
- atomic energy
65
what economic factors does the united nations help with?
- ending poverty
66
what political factors does the united nations help with?
- decolonisation
- democracy
- law or justice
67
what are positives of the united nations?
All member countreis have to contribute, and it is depending on their abilitiy to pay e.g. the countries GDP/income
68
what are negatives of the united nations?
- Some countries can donate more money, and this could be seen as them having more 'power'
- lots of sectors handling similar info meaning some gets missed
- the five permenant members have more power in the united nations security council
69
what are the four pillars of global security, according to the united nations?
- political
- economic
- social
- judicial
70
what are the main united nations 'companies'
- The Trusteeship
- The General Assembly
- Human Rights
- United Nations Security Council
71
when was the trusteeship founded?
It was established in 1945
72
what does the trusteeship do?
Ensures the trust territories in countries were maintained with the best interests for civilians
However, by 1944, all territories were independent so it is no longer needed
73
what does the general assembly do?
- where all members meet to discuss concerns
- each member has one vote
- decisions need a 2/3 majority for the idea to be passed
- General assembly cant enforce, only recommend (FLAW)
74
what does the vote have to be for information to be passed in the general assembly?
2/3
75
what is a flaw of general assembly, united nations?
General assembly cant enforce anything, only suggest
76
how many members are in the united nations security council?
- 15 members
- 5 permenant members (5 founding countries)
- 10 temporary members (rotated on 2 year cycle)
77
who are the founding countries of the united nations?
UK
France
USA
Russia
China
78
how are the 10 temporary members in the united nations security council chosen?
one for Africa
one for Asia Pacific
one for Latin America
one for Caribbean
two for Western Europe and others
79
what is the purpose of the united nations security council?
- ensure international peace and security
- recommend new UN members
-power to make decisions
80
what is a flaw of the united nations security council?
- important decisions dont get passed if any permenant members veto (dont agree)
- Due to Syrian conflict, Russia and China have used veto more
- this measn permenant members have more power
81
