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Science > Human Reproduction & Genetics > Flashcards

Human Reproduction & Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ovaries

A

Ovaries store and release eggs.

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2
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

The fallopian tubes carry the egg to the uterus, fertilisation occurs here.

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3
Q

Uterus (womb)

A

The uterus (womb) is where the fertilised egg becomes implanted and finds nourishment.

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4
Q

Cervix

A

The cervix leads from the vagina to the uterus.

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5
Q

Vagina

A

The vagina holds the male penis during sexual intercourse.

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6
Q

Ovulation

A

Ovulation is when an egg is released from the ovary on an average of every 28 days.

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7
Q

The egg is released:

A

The egg is released on day 13-15 of the menstrual cycle and it passes along the fallopian tubes to the uterus.

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8
Q

Menstruation/Period

A

The lining and a small amount of blood pass out through the vagina (day 1-5)

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9
Q

Fertile period

A

These are the days of the menstrual cycle when the woman is most likely to become pregnant.

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10
Q

Menopause

A

Menopause signals the end of a female’s ability to reproduce and also the end of her menstrual cycle. It happens at different ages for different people, typically in the late 40’s to early 50’s.

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11
Q

Testes

A

The testes produce sperm.

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12
Q

Scrotum

A

The scrotum is where the testes are, it is located outside the body to ensure the temperature is lower than body temperature for healthy sperm.

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13
Q

Epididymis

A

The epididymis is a coiled tube on the outside of each testis that stores sperm and allows them to mature fully.

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14
Q

Vas deferens

A

The vas deferens (sperm duct) brings the sperm from the testes to the penis.

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15
Q

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper’s gland

A

The seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper’s gland produce seminal fluid which mixes with sperm to form semen, it nourishes the sperm and allows them to swim.

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16
Q

Penis

A

The penis enters the female and ejaculates semen.

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17
Q

Puberty

A

Puberty describes when the body starts becoming sexually mature (reproductive organs develop). It normally happens between the ages 10 and 16.

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18
Q

Male puberty

A

In males, sex hormones (testosterone) are released causing the voice to deepen, hair grows around sex organs, face, chest and underarms, the testes and penis grow bigger and start to produce sperm.

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19
Q

Female puberty

A

In females when the sex hormones (oestrogen and progesterone) are released the breasts develop, hips widen, and hair begins to grow on the body.

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20
Q

During intercourse the man’s

A

During intercourse the man’s penis fills with blood and becomes hard enough to be placed inside the woman’s vagina.

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21
Q

Semen

A

A mixture of sperm cells and seminal fluid is released into the vagina during intercourse.

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22
Q

The sperm swim

A

The sperm swim up the uterus and into the fallopian tubes.

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23
Q

Fertilisation

A

If an egg is present in the fallopian tube, and a couple have sexual intercourse, then one of the sperm cells may fuse with it.

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24
Q

Fertilised egg

A

The nuclei of the sperm and egg fuse together. The woman is now pregnant.

25
Q

Zygote —> Embryo —> Foetus

A

-Zygote: Cell division occurs and growth.

-Embryo: which attaches to the lining of the uterus (implantation) grows more, and after 8 weeks it will look like a human.

-Foetus

26
Q

Implantation

A

When the embryo attaches to the lining of the uterus, the uterus lining does not break down so menstruation stops during pregnancy.

27
Q

Length of pregnancy

A

The average length of a human pregnancy is 40 weeks.

28
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

As the embryo develops in the uterus, it is protected inside a bag of fluid. This fluid provides a cushion for the embryo.

29
Q

Umbilical cord

A

A tube joining the embryo to the placenta.

30
Q

Placenta

A

-The placenta is rich in blood vessels
-It is here at the placenta that food and oxygen from the mother’s blood pass into the baby’s blood
-Also wastes such as carbon dioxide pass from the baby’s blood into the mother’s

31
Q

Labour

A

The birth of a baby begins when the uterus muscles start to contract.

32
Q

Lactation

A

The production of breast milk.

33
Q

Colostrum

A

The first three days of milk – very nutritious, and helps protect the baby from infection.

34
Q

Family planning

A

To control the number of children you have, you need to control the number of times fertilisation takes place.

35
Q

Natural methods of contraception

A

Natural methods of contraception aim to detect the day ovulation takes place and avoid intercourse during the fertile period.

36
Q

Artificial methods of contraception

A

prevent the sperm and egg meeting.

37
Q

Condom

A

prevents sperm entering the vagina.

38
Q

contraceptive pill

A

which prevents ovulation

39
Q

reliability of contraception

A

It is important to realise no method is 100% reliable.

40
Q

Genetics

A

Genetics is the study of the inheritance of characteristics.

41
Q

Inheritable characteristics

A

Many physical characteristics such as eye color and shape of ears were inherited from your parents.

42
Q

Chromosomes & Genes

A

Chromosomes: The nucleus of each sex cell (gamete) contains 23 thread-like structures called chromosomes.

43
Q

Chromosomes are made of

A

Chromosomes are made of protein + DNA. These chromosomes carry genes.

44
Q

Genes

A

Genes are chemicals found on chromosomes that pass on information from parents to children.

45
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

46
Q

46 chromosomes

A

When an egg and sperm cell fuse (each has 23 chromosomes) they give the individual they are creating 46 chromosomes.

47
Q

Homozygous

A

having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes.

48
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes.

49
Q

Dominant

A

Dominant refers to the relationship between two versions of a gene.

50
Q

Recessive

A

Recessive inheritance means both genes in a pair must be abnormal to cause disease.

51
Q

Biodiversity

A

There are many different types of living things.

52
Q

Fossils

A

The remains of very ancient living things.

53
Q

Extinct

A

Some living things disappear.

54
Q

Natural selection

A

How the variety of living things may have arisen, the most widely accepted explanation based on evidence is the theory of evolution by natural selection.

55
Q

Species

A

A group of living things that can reproduce together to produce offspring which themselves can reproduce.

56
Q

Mutation

A

A change in a gene.

57
Q

Evolution

A

The process by which different kinds of living things develop from earlier forms by genetic changes over long periods of time.

58
Q

Adaptation

A

A characteristic that helps an organism to survive and reproduce.

Science (5 decks)

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