Human Reproduction Flashcards
Define the following-
1. Gametogenesis
2. Oogenesis
3. Spermatogenesis
4. Insemination
5. Fertilisation
6. Cleavage
7. Implantation
8. Gastrulation
9. Organogenesis
10. Parturition
- Gametogenesis - the process by which gametes or germ cells are produced in an organism.
- Oogenesis - the formation of egg cells or ova
- Spermatogenesis - the formation of sperm cells, or spermatozoa.
- Insemination- transfer of sperms by the male to the female genital tract.
- Fertilisation - fusion of male and female gametes-to form zygote.
- Cleavage - rapid mitotic divisions in the zygote to form blastocyst / blastula.
- Implantation- attachment of blastocyst to the uterine wall.
- Gastrulation - blastocyst will change into gastrula with 3 germ layers
( ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). - Organogenesis - formation of organs from the 3 germ layers.
- Parturition- child birth ie, expelling of baby from mother’s uterus
Correct chronological order of the following events is
Gametogenesis → insemination → fertilization → implantation → gestation → parturition
What is the primary sex organ in-
1. Male- ??
2. Females - ??
- Male - testes
- Females - ovaries
What are the secondary sex organs in-
1. Males
2. Female
Male - epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland
Females - Fallopian tube / oviduct, uterus, cervix
What are the accessory ducts and accessory glands in males?
Accessory ducts- rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis and vas deferens
Accessory glands - seminal vesicles, prostrate gland and bulbourethral / cowper’s glands.
The testes are situated outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch called as -?
Scrotum
What is the function and gland of the hormone
1. Gonado trophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
2. Luteinizing hormone ( LH )
3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
4. Androgens
1.GnRH- it acts on pituitary to secrete LH and FSH. Gland → hypothalamus
2. LH - it acts on leydig cells and stimulates synthesis and secretion of androgens. Gland → pituitary.
3. FSH - acts on Sertoli cell and stimulates secretion of some factors that help in process of spermiogenesis.
Gland → pituitary
4. Androgens - stimulate process of spermatogenesis. Gland → testis.
What is the difference between vasa efferentia and vas deferns?
Vasa efferentia-
1. It arises from rete testis.
2. It is fine.
3. It carries spermatozoa from rete testis to epididymis.
4. They vary from 15 to 20 in number.
Vas deferns -
1. It arises from epididymis.
2. It is thick.
3. It carries spermatozoa from epididymis to ejaculatory duct.
4. It is only 1 in number.
Name and explain the role of the inner and middle wall of human uterus?
The inner wall of uterus is called as endometrium. It supports, protect and nourishes the foetus and help in placenta formation after implantation in case of fertilization otherwise uterus goes through menstrual cycle.
The middlewall of uterus is called myometrium. This show strong contraction during delivery of baby.
State the significance of cervix in the females.
The cervix is a narrow opening through which the uterus opens up to the vagina. The cervical canal is the cavity of the cervix which alongside the vagina goes on to form the birth canal.
Name the hormone crucial in partition. Does the parturition signal originate from the mother or the Foetus?
The hormone is oxytocin. The signal originates from the placenta and fully developed foetus which initiate the foetal ejection reflex triggering the release of the hormones oxytocin.
A human female experiences two major changes, menarche and menopause during her life. Mention the significance of both the events.
- In human beings, initiation at puberty ( between age 9- 15 years ) is called menarche. While, menstrual cycle ceases around 50 years of age, that is termed as menopause. Menarche signifies the maturation and readiness of the female reproductive system for child bearing.
- It marks the capability of the ovaries to produce mature oocyte (female gamete) that can now be fertilised by the sperm and also that the uterus is capable of supporting the foetal growth and development.
- Menopause signifies the end of child bearing age. At this age, supply of healthy eggs is very low.
Which part of the fallopian tube is closest to the ovary?
The infundibulum of the uterine tube is the funnel-like end of the mammalian oviduct nearest to the ovary.
How many primary follicles are left in each ovary in a human female at puberty?
About 60,000 - 80,000 primary follicles are left in each ovary in a human female at puberty.
Write the location and functions of sertoli cells in humans?
- Sertoli cells are present in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.
- They provide nutrition to germ cells.
- They play a vital role in the maturation of spermatids into motile sperms.
Trace the path of spermatozoa from the testes up to the ejaculatory duct only.
Testes → rate testis → vasa efferentia→ epididymis → vas deferens→ ejaculatory duct.
Where is acrosome present in humans? Write its function.
The acrosome is a cap like structure present in the head region of sperm. It contains enzymes which help in dissolving the envelop of ovum to facilitate the entry of sperm into the ovum through zona pellucida and plasma membrane.
- In males, androgens are synthesised by which cells?
- The cells which secrete androgens are -??
- Leydig cells synthesise androgens.
- Interstitial cells.
- What is the width and length of the testes?
- What is the temperature of scrotum?
- An adult testes how many compartments? And they are known as?
- Each testicular lobule contains how many seminiferous tubule?
- What does seminiferous tubules contain for providing nutrition to sperm cells?
- Male germ cells are known as?
- Width of the testes - 2 to 3 cm
Length is about 4- 5 cm respectively. - 2-2.5°C is the temp of scrotum.
- An adult testes bears 250 compartments called testicular lobes.
- Each testicular lobule contains 1-3 seminiferous tubule.
- Seminiferous tubules contain sertoli cells for providing nutrition to sperm cells.
- Male germ cells are known as - spermatogonia.
- The enlarged end of penis is known as?
- Seminal plasma is rich in which sugar?
- The secretion of which gland helps in the lubrication of penis?
- Glans penis.
- Rich in fructose sugar.
- Bulbourethral gland.
Q.21. What is menstrual cycle? Which hormones regulate menstrual cycle?
The menstrual cycle is the female reproductive cycle characterised by cyclic changes in the uterine lining. This period is marked by a characteristic event repeated almost every month (28 days with minor variation) in the form of a menstrual flow. ( i.e. Shedding of the endometrium of the uterus with bleeding). It may be temporarily stopped only in pregnancy.
Hormones -
1. FSH ( follicle stimulating harmone)
2. LH ( luteinizing hormone)
3. Oestrogens 4. Progesterone
