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NS9 - Life Sciences 2019 > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

0
Q

Reasons living things reproduce

A
  • Form new individuals
  • Allow continuation of species
  • Prevent extinction
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1
Q

Extinct

A

When all individuals of a species have died out completely

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2
Q

Offspring

A

The young produced by an organism

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3
Q

Gametes

A

The sex cells (sperm cells and egg cells)

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4
Q

Fertilisation

A

The fusion of a sperm and egg

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5
Q

Embryo

A

The early development period of an individual

The baby before it becomes a foetus

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6
Q

Genetic information

A

The inherited information passed from parents to offspring in the form of DNA

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7
Q

Asexual reproduction

A
  • Only one parent
  • Offspring genetically identical to parent
  • No gametes involved
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8
Q

Sexual reproduction

A
  • Two parents
  • Gametes produced
  • Offspring similar to both parents but not identical
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9
Q

Three main parts of the sperm

A
  • Head - contains nucleus with DNA
  • Middle piece - contains mitochondria for energy
  • Tail - used for swimming
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10
Q

Main parts of a human egg cell

A
  • Nucleus containing DNA
  • Cytoplasm with food store
  • Protective ‘jelly’ coating
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11
Q

DNA

A
  • A molecule that contains coded information
  • Determines an organisms inherited characteristics
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12
Q

The head of the sperm

A
  • contains the nucleus
  • contains DNA from the father
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13
Q

The middle piece of a sperm cell

A
  • Contains mitochondria
  • Provides energy for swimming
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14
Q

The tail of a sperm cell

A
  • A whip-like flagellum structure
  • Used for swimming
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15
Q

Layer surrounding a human egg cell

A
  • A protective layer
  • Jelly like
  • Prevents multiple sperm from fertilising the egg
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16
Q

Contained in a human egg cell

A
  • Nucleus with mothers DNA
  • Cytoplasm with a food store
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17
Q

Advantage of asexual reproduction

A
  • Faster than the process of sexual reproduction
  • Exactly the same characteristics in offspring as parent
  • Only one parent required
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18
Q

Benefits of sexual reproduction

A
  • Promotes variation in a population
  • Every combination of different gametes results in a unique individual
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19
Q

Puberty

A
  • A stage in the human life cycle when the sexual organs mature
  • Occurs usually between 10-15 years in humans
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20
Q

The structure that starts the process of puberty by releasing hormones

A

The pituitary gland

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21
Q

Hormones

A
  • Chemicals that are made by glands that speed up or slow down the activities of an organ
  • They are, in essence, chemical messengers
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22
Q

The effect of hormones released by the pituitary that initiates puberty

A
  • Makes the reproductive organs active
  • Reproductive organs begin to make sex hormones
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23
Q

Primary reproductive organ and hormone in males

A
  • The testes
  • testosterone
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24
Primary reproductive organ and hormone in females
* Ovaries * Oestrogen
25
The effect of testosterone in males (secondary sexual characteristics)
* Facial hair * Vocal cords make voice deeper * Broader shoulders * Muscular body * Hair growth over body, under arms and pubic hair * Penis and testes develop * Testes start to make sperm
26
The effect of oestrogen in females (secondary sexual characteristics)
* Hair under arms and pubic hair * Breasts grow larger * Hips become wider * Ovulation and menstruation begins
27
Example emotional changes often experienced through puberty
* Strong emotions or feelings * unexplained mood changes * Changes in self-esteem * Agression * Depression
28
The main purpose of sexual reproduction in organisms
* For gametes to join * For the continuation of species
29
Main parts of the male reprocuctive system
* Testes * sperm duct * Male glands * Urethra * Penis
30
Main purposes of male reproductive system
* To make and store sperm * To place sperm in the female
31
Function of testes
* To make sperm * Produce testosterone
32
Tube carrying sperm from testes to the penis
The sperm duct / vas deferens
33
The tube carrying sperm through the penis
The urethra
34
The function of the male glands
* Secrete added to sperm to make semen * This fluid helps sperm to survive and swim to the eg
35
Function of the prostrate gland
* Secretes a fluid to nourish and protect sperm * helps to form semen
36
Function of the urethra in males
* To carry uring out the body * To carry semen out the body * Never at the same time
37
Funcrion of the scrotum
* A sack of skin to hold the testes outside the body * Sperm production is better at a slightly lower temperature than the core body temperature
38
Semen
A mixture of sperm and fluids from the male glands, including the prostrate gland
39
Ejaculation
The rapid release of semen from the penis
40
Penis
* The structure for placing semen inside the female during copulation * The penis becomes erect when extra blood is pumped into it
41
Foreskin
* A fold of skin that covers the head of the penis
42
Circumcision
* Surgical removal of the foreskin * Is often done for religious or cultural reasons * If sone under unsterile conditions, infection may occur
43
The main funccion of the female reproductive organs
* To make eggg cells * To provide suitable conditions for the early growth of a baby
44
Vagina
* A muscular tube opening to the outside of the body * Receives the penis during sex * Allows the birth of a baby (the birth canal)
45
Cervix
* The opening from the vagina into the uterus * Also called the 'neck of the womb'
46
The uterus
* A hollow, muscular wall * Where a baby grows while a woman is pregnant * Also called the 'womb'
47
Oviducts
* The tubes that carry the egg down from the ovary to the uterus. * Lined with tiny hairs that push the egg along. * The sperm also swim to meet the egg and fertilisation takes place here.
48
Ovaries
* Make the eggs * Release one egg each month * Also make femaile sex hormones e.g. oestrogen
49
Main parts of the female reproductive system
* Ovaries * Oviducts * Uterus * Cervix * Vagina
50
Ovulation
* The release of a ripe egg from the ovary * Occurs once a month
51
Most likely time to fall pregnant
* While a woman is ovulating * A number of days before and after ovulation
52
Menstruation
* When the wall of the uterus passes out of the body through the vagina * If the egg is not fertilised
53
The menstrual cycle
* The cycle of changes occuring to the wall of the uterus * in preparation for receiving a fertilised egg.
54
When the menstrual cycle is said to begin (Day 1)
* The first day of menstruation * When a womans 'period' starts
55
The typical timing of ovulation during the menstrual cycle
Day 14
56
Copulation
* Also called intercourse or sex * The penis becomes erect as it fills with blood * The vagina becomes moist * The penis is placed inside the vagina * Ejaculation takes place
57
Contraception
* Birth control * A method or device used to prevent pregnancy.
58
Methods of contraception
* fertility awareness e.g. abstinence * long-acting reversible contraception, such as the implant or intra uterine device (IUD) * hormonal contraception, such the pill or the injection. * barrier methods, such as condoms.
59

NS9 - Life Sciences 2019 (9 decks)

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