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bio component 2 > human reproduction > Flashcards

human reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the function of the scrotum?

A

external sac that holds testes outside body and provides opt temp for sperm production (35)

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2
Q

what is function of the testes?

A

produces male gametes (spermatozoa)

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3
Q

what is the function of the urethra?

A

connects bladder to outside, transfers urine and semen to outside

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4
Q

penis?

A

organ used to pass semen into reproductive system- erectile tissue fills with blood for penetration

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5
Q

vas deferens?

A

tubes that takes sperm from testes to urethra

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6
Q

epididymis?

A

where sperm mature and are collected

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7
Q

seminiferous tubules?

A

site of sperm production

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8
Q

prostate gland?

A

produces alkaline secretion that neutralises any urine in urethra, also aids in sperm mobility

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9
Q

seminal vesicle

A

gland that produces nutrient secretion that helps sperm motility

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10
Q

endometrium?

A

where embryo implants and is shed in menstruation

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11
Q

myometrium?

A

muscular layer of uterus

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12
Q

ovary?

A

produce female gametes (secondary oocytes) and secretes oestrogen and progesterone

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13
Q

fallopian tube?

A

where fertilisation occurs, connects overy to uterus

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14
Q

urethra (females)?

A

allows passage of urine

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15
Q

vagina?

A

muscular tube that leads to outside of body

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16
Q

where and when does spermatogenesis occur?

A

seminiferous tubules of testes, from puberty to death

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17
Q

in what order are the stages of a cell undergoing spermatogenesis?

A

germinal epithelium (2n) -> spermatogonia (2n) -> primary spermatocyte (2n) -> secondary spermatocyte (n) -> spermatid (n) -> spermatozoa (n)

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18
Q

what types of cell division/processes occurs (in order)?

A

mitosis, mitosis and growth, meiosis I, meiosis II, differentiation

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19
Q

what are the function of sertoli cells?

A

nourish sperm cells and protect them from the immune system

20
Q

what do leydig (/interstitial) cells do?

A

produce testosterone

21
Q

where and when does oogenesis occur?

A

ovaries and pre-birth to menopause

22
Q

in what order are the stages of a cell undergoing oogenesis?

A

germinal epithelium, oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte (& 1st polar body), ovum (& 2nd polar body)

23
Q

what types of cell division/processes occurs (in order)?

A

mitosis, mitosis, meiosis I (stops at prophase I until puberty), meiosis II (stops at metaphase II until fertilised into ovum)

24
Q

what happens in terms of accessory cells during this?

A
  • follicle cells grow around primary oocyte, forming a primordial follicle which is then stimulated by its own production of FSH
  • now becomes primary follicle which produces oestrogen- switches off FSH production
  • grows more to become secondary follicle, then graafian follicle (both contain fluid)
  • ovulation then occurs (oocyte and follicle cells released)
  • remains of follicle develop into corpus luteum
  • once fertilised, secondary oocyte develops nucleus, cytoplasm, corona radiata and zona pellucida
25
Q

describe the journey of the sperm in fertilisation

A

released from epididymis -> travel along vas deferens -> out of penis via urethra -> spermatozoa deposited at top of vagina -> swim through cervix -> along lining of uterus -> into oviduct -> meets secondary oocyte

26
Q

what happens during capacitation?

A
  • enzymes in uterus cause removal of glycoprotein and cholesterol from outer-layer covering acrosome (weakens cell mem)
  • mem is now more permeable to Ca2+ ions
  • increases tail activity and starts acrosome reaction
27
Q

what happens during the acrosome reaction?

A
  • contact with zona pellucida causes acrosome mem to rupture, zp releases hydrolytic enzymes
  • these digest corona radiata and zona pellucida
  • mems of sperm and secondary oocyte fuse (entry of head stimulates completion of meiosis II to produce ovum and 2nd polar body)
  • mem fusion causes cortical reaction (prevents polyspermy)
  • entry causes Ca2+ release from SER so plasma mem changes polarity
  • cortical granules release enzymes that change structure of zp to form fertilisation membrane
28
Q

describe the formation of the zygote

A
  • nucleus of sperm fuses with nucleus of ovum to form diploid zygote
  • undergoes mitosis (type known as cleavage) to form a morula
  • divides to form hollow ball of undifferentiated cells (blastocyst with inner cell mass- outer mem is called trophoblast, later develops into chorion)
  • implants into wall of endometrium
  • chorion then become trophoblastic villi (to provide large SA for exchange) and then chorionic villi (location of foetal blood vessels)
  • embryo produces hCG which maintains the corpus luteum
29
Q

what are the 5 function of the placenta?

A
  1. gas, nutrient and waste exchange
  2. produces progesterone and oestrogen (takes over from corpus luteum)
  3. acts as barrier to infection from (not rubella or zika) bacteria/viruses
  4. allows SOME antibodies to cross
  5. acts as barrier to mothers high blood pressure
30
Q

what are the properties of the blood flowing through the umbilical artery?

A
  • low O2/ high CO2
  • low amino acids and glucose/ high urea
31
Q

what are the properties of the blood flowing through the umbilical vein?

A
  • high O2/ low CO2
  • high amino acids and glucose/ low urea
32
Q

what mechanism do the artery and vein follow during the exchange between mother and foetus?

A

counter-current flow

33
Q

what is the amnion?

A

membrane derived from inner cell mass of blastocyst, where amniotic fluid accumulates and pushes the mem outwards

34
Q

what is the function of the amnion?

A

protects foetus during development by:
- maintaining temp
- providing lubrication
- allowing movement
- acting as shock absorber
- contributing to lung development

35
Q

what happens just before birth?

A
  • oestrogen up, progesterone down -> allows uterine wall to contract
  • decrease in progesterone allows secretion of oxytocin and prolactin
  • +ve feedback loops causes more oxytocin secretion and therefore stronger contractions
36
Q

what is one of the possible causes of female infertility?

A
  • blocked fallopian tubes (maybe due to infection)
  • this prevents fertilisation/ zygote from moving down tube
  • treatment is IVF (fertilisation occurs outside of body and zygote is implanted into uterus)
37
Q

what are the two phases of the menstrual cycle called?

A

follicular and luteal

38
Q

describe the events during one menstrual cycle

A
  • low levels of p & o lead to production of FSH & LH (-ve feedback relationship) by anterior pituitary
  • follicle develops, follicle cells produce o, which causes endometrium to thicken
  • high concen of o stimulates LH production, increases FSH
  • rise in LH triggers ovulation and then also formation of corpus luteum
  • cl produces p & o which maintain endometrium
  • if no fertilisation: cl shrinks and p/o stops
  • falling p & o causes menstruation
39
Q

what is the function of FSH (anterior pituitary)?

A

stimulates follicle production

40
Q

what is the function of LH (anterior pituitary)?

A
  • triggers ovulation
  • causes development of corpus luteum
41
Q

what is the function of progesterone?

A
  • maintains endometrium
  • prevents contractions of uterus wall
  • inhibits FSH & LH production
42
Q

what is the function of oestrogen?

A
  • causes uterus and mammory glands to grow
  • growth and development of endometrium
  • inhibits FSH & LH
43
Q

what is the function of hCG (made by implanted blastocyst)?

A

-maintains corpus luteum (which produces progesterone and therefore maintains endometrium)

44
Q

what is the function of oxytocin?

A
  • causes stronger contractions of myometrium (which increases levels further)
45
Q

where is oxytocin produced?

A

posterior pituitary gland

46
Q

what is the function of prolactin?

A
  • stimulates mammory glands to synthesise milk (milk is released when oxytocin causes muscles around milk ducts to contract)
47
Q

where is prolactin produced?

A

anterior pituitary gland

bio component 2 (5 decks)

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